Effects of a 12-Week Hatha Yoga Intervention on Cardiorespiratory Endurance, Muscular Strength and Endurance, and Flexibility in Hong Kong Chinese Adults: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Table 3
Comparison of changes of outcome variables among participants in the yoga group and the control group, by gender.
Outcome variables
Yoga
Control
ANOVA
ANCOVA
Pre
Post
Post-Pre
Pre
Post
Post-Pre
Effect size
Adjusted
Effect size
M ± SD
M ± SD
partial
partial
Men
n = 34
n = 30
Resting heart rate, bpm
67.53 ± 9.31
66.32 ± 9.79
−1.21 ± 6.07
66.77 ± 9.10
68.73 ± 9.77
1.97 ± 8.41
0.086
0.047
/
/
VO2max, mL/kg/min
32.99 ± 6.77
35.59 ± 6.63
2.61 ± 2.56
32.95 ± 6.76
33.66 ± 6.18
0.72 ± 2.84
0.007
0.113
/
/
Curl-ups, times
20.18 ± 6.42
22.59 ± 5.28
2.41 ± 4.40
22.47 ± 4.00
23.13 ± 3.18
0.67 ± 2.17
0.046
0.059
/
/
Push-ups, times
9.50 ± 9.50
13.12 ± 10.26
3.62 ± 3.07
6.67 ± 5.93
7.27 ± 6.21
0.60 ± 2.27
<0.001
0.239
/
/
MBS left leg, cm
39.99 ± 11.47
46.09 ± 11.20
6.10 ± 5.11
49.28 ± 13.36
49.00 ± 13.46
−0.28 ± 3.29
<0.001
0.356
/
/
MBS right leg, cm
39.66 ± 11.80
46.06 ± 11.22
6.40 ± 5.04
49.56 ± 14.00
49.22 ± 13.47
−0.34 ± 4.00
<0.001
0.357
/
/
Women
n = 53
n = 56
Resting heart rate, bpm
69.11 ± 9.06
66.81 ± 7.17
−2.30 ± 6.90
70.61 ± 9.97
71.39 ± 11.07
0.79 ± 7.00
0.022
0.048
/
/
VO2max, mL/kg/min†
26.35 ± 5.51
27.68 ± 5.25
1.33 ± 2.65
24.69 ± 4.37
24.27 ± 4.79
−0.42 ± 2.66
0.001
0.100
0.002
0.087
Curl-ups, times
21.04 ± 5.43
23.92 ± 3.27
2.89 ± 4.51
19.38 ± 4.86
20.04 ± 5.46
0.66 ± 4.66
0.013
0.057
/
/
Push-ups, times
1.87 ± 4.30
5.28 ± 5.62
3.42 ± 2.56
1.82 ± 3.37
1.82 ± 2.98
0.00 ± 1.85
<0.001
0.375
/
/
MBS left leg, cm
52.46 ± 8.44
58.66 ± 7.49
6.20 ± 4.19
51.28 ± 10.66
50.82 ± 10.96
−0.46 ± 4.07
<0.001
0.397
/
/
MBS right leg, cm
52.41 ± 8.31
58.95 ± 7.40
6.55 ± 4.22
50.89 ± 11.21
50.87 ± 11.71
−0.03 ± 4.36
<0.001
0.374
/
/
Pre: baseline; Post: postintervention; Post-Pre: change from baseline to postintervention; : eta-squared; VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake; MBS: the modified back-saver sit-and-reach test. The effect size in ANOVA/ANCOVA is represented by value of partial eta-squared () as very small (<0.01), small (0.01–0.05), medium (0.06–0.13), and large (≥0.14). †Adjusted for BMI at baseline and HRQoL role emotional domain at baseline.
