Effects of a 12-Week Hatha Yoga Intervention on Cardiorespiratory Endurance, Muscular Strength and Endurance, and Flexibility in Hong Kong Chinese Adults: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Table 4
Comparison of changes of outcome variables among participants in the yoga group and the control group, by age group.
Outcome variables
Yoga
Control
ANOVA
ANCOVA
Pre
Post
Post-Pre
Pre
Post
Post-Pre
Effect size
Adjusted
Effect size
M ± SD
M ± SD
partial
partial
<53 years
n = 40
n = 45
Resting heart rate, bpm
68.93 ± 9.24
67.25 ± 7.01
−1.68 ± 5.47
69.82 ± 10.62
71.64 ± 11.39
1.82 ± 6.88
0.012
0.074
/
/
VO2max, mL/kg/min
30.31 ± 6.75
31.71 ± 7.29
1.40 ± 2.45
28.18 ± 6.76
27.79 ± 7.15
−0.39 ± 2.99
0.004
0.098
/
/
Curl-ups, times
19.95 ± 6.50
23.00 ± 4.71
3.05 ± 4.79
20.64 ± 4.27
21.00 ± 5.01
0.36 ± 4.13
0.007
0.085
/
/
Push-ups, times
4.90 ± 7.80
7.95 ± 9.25
3.05 ± 2.53
3.51 ± 5.06
4.09 ± 4.57
0.58 ± 1.96
<0.001
0.236
/
/
MBS left leg, cm
47.75 ± 9.97
54.44 ± 9.10
6.69 ± 5.19
49.67 ± 10.21
49.37 ± 10.90
−0.30 ± 4.39
<0.001
0.352
/
/
MBS right leg, cm
48.09 ± 9.83
54.83 ± 8.99
6.74 ± 4.71
49.03 ± 10.57
49.14 ± 11.42
0.12 ± 4.69
<0.001
0.336
/
/
≥53 years
n = 47
n = 41
Resting heart rate, bpm†
68.13 ± 9.13
66.09 ± 9.20
−2.04 ± 7.45
68.66 ± 8.89
69.17 ± 9.76
0.51 ± 8.14
0.128
0.027
0.125
0.080
VO2max, mL/kg/min†
27.78 ± 6.74
29.98 ± 6.67
2.20 ± 2.83
26.90 ± 6.44
27.28 ± 6.78
0.38 ± 2.45
0.002
0.106
0.002
0.105
Curl-ups, times
21.34 ± 5.16
23.74 ± 3.73
2.40 ± 4.17
20.24 ± 5.35
21.24 ± 5.04
1.00 ± 3.77
0.103
0.031
/
/
Push-ups, times†
4.81 ± 7.76
8.68 ± 8.12
3.87 ± 2.91
3.51 ± 4.95
3.32 ± 4.62
−0.20 ± 2.02
<0.001
0.396
<0.001
0.390
MBS left leg, cm†
47.45 ± 12.68
53.16 ± 12.39
5.71 ± 3.91
51.59 ± 13.07
51.09 ± 12.88
−0.50 ± 3.07
<0.001
0.438
/
/
MBS right leg, cm
46.86 ± 12.98
53.14 ± 12.54
6.28 ± 4.42
51.96 ± 13.73
51.55 ± 13.22
−0.42 ± 3.37
<0.001
0.406
<0.001
0.438
Pre: baseline; Post: postintervention; Post-Pre: change from baseline to postintervention; : eta-squared; VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake; MBS: the modified back-saver sit-and-reach test. The effect size in ANOVA/ANCOVA is represented by value of partial eta-squared () as very small (<0.01), small (0.01–0.05), medium (0.06–0.13), and large (≥0.14). †Resting heart rate/push-up, adjusted for DBP at baseline; VO2max, adjusted for BMI at baseline; left leg flexibility, adjusted for HRQoL MCS domain score at baseline.
