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Ethnomedicinal use | Plant parts used and administration | Country practised | References |
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Abdominal pain | Root decoction taken as tonic | South Africa | [24] |
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Bladder problems | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa | [29] |
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Bleeding stomach | Root decoction taken as tonic | South Africa | [22, 24] |
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Body cleansing | Leaves, root decoction taken orally | Lesotho; South Africa | [29, 53] |
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Boils | Leaves used as poultices | Lesotho | [43] |
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Cancer | Leaves, rhizome decoction or infusion taken orally | Lesotho; South Africa | [53, 78] |
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Colds | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa | [24, 79] |
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Constipation | Stem decoction taken orally | South Africa | [39] |
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Dysmenorrhoea | Root decoction taken orally | Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland | [22, 24–26, 42–44, 63, 85] |
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Earache | Rhizome decoction applied topically | South Africa | [30] |
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Endometritis | Rhizome decoction taken orally | South Africa | [27] |
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Expel placenta after birth in humans and animals | Rhizome decoction taken orally | Lesotho; South Africa | [15, 18, 22, 24–26, 35] |
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Food | Leaves edible as leafy vegetables. Roots, stalks, and stems edible and used for making beer | South Africa; Swaziland | [40–42] |
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Gastrointestinal parasites | Rhizome decoction taken orally | Lesotho; South Africa | [28, 31, 37] |
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Gonorrhoea | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa | [32] |
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Headache | Leaves burnt and crushed and smoked, root decoction taken orally | Lesotho; South Africa | [43, 86] |
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Heart diseases | Root decoction taken orally | Lesotho | [33] |
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Hypertension | Root decoction taken orally | Lesotho | [33] |
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Impotence | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa; Swaziland | [16, 24, 42, 85] |
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Indigestion | Root decoction taken as tonic | South Africa | [24, 73] |
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Induce or augment labour and as antenatal medication | Rhizome decoction taken orally | South Africa | [22] |
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Infertility in women | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa | [29] |
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Kidney problems | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa | [29] |
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Poor appetite | Root decoction taken as tonic | South Africa | [24] |
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Psoriasis | Root infusions applied topically | South Africa | [22] |
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Pulmonary ailments | Rhizome decoction taken orally | South Africa | [73] |
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Rheumatic fever | Root decoction taken as tonic | South Africa | [22, 24] |
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Scabies | Root decoction taken as tonic | South Africa | [24] |
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Stimulate milk production | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa | [35] |
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Stomachache | Leaves, rhizome decoction taken orally | Lesotho; South Africa | [22, 53, 86] |
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Syphilis | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa | [32] |
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Swelling | Rhizome decoction applied topically | South Africa | [22] |
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Ticks and other parasites | Leaves and rhizome used as repellent | South Africa | [79] |
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Ulcers | Leaf decoction taken orally | South Africa | [73] |
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Urinary infections | Root decoction taken orally | South Africa | [32] |
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Urinary stones | Root tinctures | South Africa | [22] |
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Uterine bleeding | Root bark decoction taken orally | Swaziland | [87, 88] |
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Wound dressing | Leaves used as poultices, rhizome decoction applied as a dressing | Lesotho; South Africa | [16, 22, 24, 36, 43, 73] |
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