Report on the Medicinal Use of Eleven Lamiaceae Species in Lebanon and Rationalization of Their Antimicrobial Potential by Examination of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Their Essential Oils

Table 2

Traditional remedies from Lamiaceae plant species in Lebanon.

Scientific name	Common name	Vernacular names in Lebanon	Part used	Preparation	Traditional medicinal indication in Lebanon		Fr (%)
Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichenb. Fil	Conehead Thyme	Za’atar farisi; Za’atar ‘assal; Za’atar	Fp	I: infusion or decoction on an empty stomach, one cup in the morning	Gastrointestinal disorders (colics, gastritis, stomach aches, carminative) (5, 6, 9, 15)	16	4.9
					Antidiarrheal (6, 15)	6	1.8
					Antiemetic (5, 9)	5	1.5
					Antihypertensive (6, 9)	6	1.8
					Vermifuge (5, 6, 15)	4	1.2
					Spasmolytic (15)	5	1.5
					Acne (9)	4	1.2
					Antiseptic (6, 9, 15)	9	2.8
				I: cold infusion	Dermatosis (5, 15)	4	1.2
			Le	I: infusion, 1 teaspoon in a cup of water, drinking 3 cups per day	Cough, pneumonia, expectorant (5, 6, 15)	8	2.5
					Hypoglycemic (6, 15)	5	1.5
					Stomachic (5, 6)	6	1.8
					Febrifuge (6)	3	0.9
Lavandula stoechas L.	Spanish lavender	Astakhoudos Khuzama; Shih	Fp	I: infusion, 1 or 2 cups per day	Antiseptic (2, 9, 12, 20, 22)	10	3.1
					Gastrointestinal disorders (9, 12, 20)	7	2.1
					Spasmolytic (12, 17, 22)	5	1.5
					Rheumatism (2, 20)	6	1.8
					Cardiotonic (9, 17, 22)	6	1.8
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. ()	Common lavender or English lavender	Khuzama; Lawanda	Fp; Le; St	I: infusion, 2 cups per day	Hypoglycemic (6, 12, 14, 18, 20)	10	3.1
					Antihypertensive (12, 18, 20)	9	2.8
					Hepatitis (14, 20)	7	2.1
					Antiseptic (6, 14, 18)	9	2.8
					Dermatitis (6, 18, 20)	8	2.5
					Migraine (12, 18)	3	0.9
					Flu (14, 18)	4	1.2
					Asthenia, stimulant (14, 20)	5	1.5
					Stomachic, antispasmodic, carminative (6, 12, 14, 18)	11	3.4
					Sedative (6, 12, 20)	4	1.2
					Uricemia (12)	3	0.9
					Diuretic (12, 18)	6	1.8
				E: EO massage	Healing (14, 17)	8	2.5
					Rheumatism (14, 17)	9	2.8
					Lumbago (17)	4	1.2
Mentha spicata L. subsp. condensata (Briq.) Greuter & Burdet	Wild mint	Na’ana’a barri	Le	I: infusion	Digestive disorders (12, 17, 20, 24, 25)	12	3.7
					Antimicrobial (12, 20, 25)	9	2.8
					Gastritis (17, 24, 25)	5	1.5
					Antiemetic (17, 24)	4	1.2
					Arthritis (12, 20)	4	1.2
Origanum syriacum L.	Biblical-hyssop, Lebanese oregano, or Syrian oregano	Zouba’ Za’atar	Fp	I: decoction mixed with honey 2 cups per day; food mixtures	Antiseptic, antimicrobial (1, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 26)	15	4.6
					Vermifuge (8, 11, 14)	8	2.5
					Pertussis (10, 12, 13)	6	1.8
					Antihypertensive (1, 10, 14, 26)	10	3.1
					Hypoglycemic (11, 12, 13)	7	2.1
					Stomachic (1, 13, 14, 26)	9	2.8
					Spasmolytic (8, 11, 12)	7	2.1
					Antidiarrheal (11, 13, 14)	8	2.5
					Rheumatism (1, 12, 26)	8	2.5
					Asthma (1, 8)	7	2.1
					Migraine (13, 14)	6	1.8
					Appetizer (8, 26)	5	1.5
					Stimulating memory (13)	6	1.8
			Le	I: infusion 20 g/L; 250–500 mL/day	Cough, expectorant (2, 9)	6	1.8
					Vermifuge (2)	5	1.5
					Constipation (9)	3	0.9
				I: infusion, drinking daily	Bronchitis (18, 22)	4	1.2
					Hypoglycemia (22)	3	0.9
				I: infusion, 1 teaspoon in a cup of water	Antihypertensive (12, 14)	6	1.8
					Gastrointestinal disorders (8, 12, 14)	8	2.5
				E: local application mixed with olive oil	Analgesic (2, 14)	6	1.8
					Rheumatism (2, 12)	6	1.8
					Antihypertensive (14)	5	1.5
				I: salads	Antiseptic (1, 2, 8)	6	1.8
					Antidote, blood purifying (1, 8)	4	1.2
			Fl	E: maceration and local application	Rheumatism (1, 8, 12, 14, 16, 22)	33	10.1
				E: EO mixed with olive oil and local application		18	5.5
Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Rosemary	Eklil-al-jabal; Hasa-al-bān; Nada-al-bahr	Fp; Le; St	I: decoction with distilled water once a day	Antiseptic (2, 12, 14, 25)	16	4.9
					Antifungal (12, 20, 25)	11	3.4
					Hypoglycemic (2, 14, 20)	13	4.0
					Stomachic (2, 12, 25)	12	3.7
					Carminative (20, 25)	8	2.5
					Antianemic (14)	7	2.1
					Febrifuge (14, 20)	4	1.2
					Constipation (2, 25)	6	1.8
					Splenomegaly (20)	5	1.5
					Emmenagogue (12, 20)	4	1.2
					Cholagogue (2, 14)	5	1.5
			Le	I: infusion 30 g/L of water, drinking one cup, 3 times a day until improvement	Liver diseases (13, 18)	5	1.5
					Arteriosclerosis, cardiotonic (7, 13)	6	1.8
					Antianemic (13)	3	0.9
					Asthma (7)	3	0.9
				E: macerated in alcohol and locally applied or leaves added to bath	Rheumatism (1, 22, 23)	28	8.6
				E: EO diluted in alcohol and water and local application	Antiseptic (4,19, 21)	26	8.0
				E: EO mixed with olive oil and applied locally to the affected areas; alcohol macerate decoction	Rheumatism (2, 12, 14)	31	9.5
Salvia fruticosa Miller.	Sage	Aiza’an; Kassiin; ‘Ouaissé; Maryamiyyé	Fp; Le	I: decoction	Stimulating memory (2, 3, 5, 12, 14)	8	2.5
					Hypoglycemic (2, 5)	18	5.5
					Rheumatism (3, 5, 12)	20	6.1
					Influenza (3, 14)	14	4.3
					Antihypertensive (5, 12, 14)	16	4.9
					Gastralgia (2, 12)	12	3.7
					Hepatitis (3, 5)	9	2.8
					Nephropathy (5, 12)	8	2.5
					Constipation (2, 14)	11	3.4
					Carminative (3, 14)	13	4.0
				I: 3 drops of EO added to one tablespoon of honey	Hypoglycemic (12, 14)	9	2.8
					Cough, expectorant (2, 14, 15)	13	4.0
					Spasmolytic (12)	5	1.5
					Antimicrobial, antiseptic (1, 13, 15)	10	3.1
					Febrifuge (13)	4	1.2
					Rheumatism (1, 13, 15)	8	2.5
			Le	I: decoction	Arthritis (13, 14, 15)	22	6.8
				I: infusion	Stomachic (2, 9, 12, 15)	9	2.8
					Aphrodisiac (12)	5	1.5
					Febrifuge (15)	4	1.2
					Hypoglycemic (2, 12)	7	2.1
					Carminative (9, 15)	6	1.8
					Hemostatic (9)	5	1.5
					Asthma (2, 15)	5	1.5
					Pharyngitis, laryngitis (2, 9)	6	1.8
Satureja cuneifolia Ten.	Wild savory	Eshabat-el- wasab; Za’atar farisi	Fp; St	I: infusion	Gastrointestinal disorders, (carminative, stomachic) (8, 25)	7	2.1
					Spasmolytic (25)	5	1.5
					Headache (26)	4	1.2
Satureja thymbra L.	Thyme-leaved savory	Za’atar khlat; Za’atar bou khlayt; Za’atar rumi; Za’atar franji; Za’atar-al-hamir; Za’atar	Fp	I: infusion, EO, and food	Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antifungal (2, 3, 12)	13	4.0
					Cough (3, 12)	4	1.2
					Blood purifying (2)	3	0.9
					Anti-inflammatory (12, 14)	4	1.2
					Nephropathy (3)	3	0.9
			Le	I: infusion 50 g/L, 1 cup 3 times a day	Antidiarrheal (8, 9)	6	1.8
					Cough (9)	4	1.2
					Cardiotonic (8)	4	1.2
					Paralysis (8)	3	0.9
Thymbra spicata L.	Wild thyme	Za’atar khlat; Za’atar bou khlayt; Za’atar	Fp	I: infusion, EO, and food	Antimicrobial, antifungal (2, 3, 20, 26)	14	4.3
					Cough (3, 20, 26)	9	2.8
					Arteriosclerosis, cardiotonic (2, 20)	8	2.5
					Blood purifying (20, 26)	6	1.8
					Insomnia (3)	5	1.5
			Wp	E: gargling or mastication	Toothache (20)	5	1.5
				I: decoction	Emmenagogue (20)	3	0.9
					Hypoglycemic (20, 21)	4	1.2
					Sterility (17, 21)	3	0.9
					Oxytocic (21)	3	0.9
				E: decoction	Ophthalmia (20, 22)	8	2.5
Vitex agnus-castus L.	Chaste tree	Felfel-al-raheb; Kaff Mariam	Fl; Ft; Se	I: infusion, 1 cup daily	Vermifuge (21)	5	1.5
					Gastralgia (17)	4	1.2
					Sedative (20)	4	1.2
					Hypoglycemic (20, 21)	3	0.9
					Anaphrodisiac (17)	3	0.9
				I: decoction	Emmenagogue (20)	3	0.9
					Hypoglycemic (20)	3	0.9
					Oxytocic (17)	4	1.2
					Sterility (17, 21)	4	1.2
				E: decoction	Ophthalmia (20, 22)	8	2.5

Part used: Fp = flowering parts, Le = leaves, Fl = flowers, Wp = whole plant, St = stems, Ft = fruits, Se = seeds, and Dp = dried plant. Use: E = external use; I = internal use.
Numbers from 1 to 26 are abbreviations of the 25 districts of Lebanon and the governorate of Beirut (Beirut province is undivided): Akkar 1, Aley 2, Baabda 3, Baalbek 4, Batroun 5, Beirut 6, Bint Jbeil 7, Bcharre 8, Chouf 9, Hasbaya 10, Hermel 11, Jbeil 12, Jezzine 13, Keserwan 14, Koura 15, Marjeyoun 16, Metn 17, Miniyeh-Danniyeh 18, Nabatiye 19, Rachaya 20, Sidon (Saida) 21, Tripoli 22, Tyre (Sour) 23, West Bekaa 24, Zahle 25, and Zgharta 26.
The symbols and Fr are used to indicate the number and frequency of people mentioning the indication in a single plant from the total number of interviewees; that is, Fr = (/total number of interviewees) × 100.
  Lamiaceae species cited and reported in this table are indigenous to Lebanon, except L. angustifolia that is imported and cultivated.