| Cell types/animals | Biological functions | Ref |
| 3T3-L1 preadipocytes | Differentiation↑, IBMX↑, insulin↑, STAT 5↑, PPARγ2↓, p-CREB↓ | [36] | Intracellular triglyceride↓, adiponectin↑, MCP-1↓, resistin↓ | [7] | Lipid accumulation↓, GPDH↓, PPARγ↓, C/EBPα↓, AMPK↑ | [38] |
| 3T3-F442A adipocytes | Glucose uptake↑, PI3K/Akt1/2↑, PKA/CREB signaling↑ | [35] |
| 3XTg-AD mice model | Soluble Aβ production↓ | [13] |
| A2780/T cells | ABCB1 transporter efflux↓, Akt/ERK/Nrf2↓ | [89] |
| AGS cells | MMP-2↓, MMP-9↓, c-Raf↓, Ras↓, Rac-1↓, RhoA↓, Cdc42↓, PI3K/Akt signaling↓, FAK activation↓, NF-κB signaling↓ | [5] |
| BV2 microglia cells | IL-1β↓, TNFα↓, IL-6↓, NO↓ | [47] |
| C6 glioma cells | cellular proliferation↓, Ras activity↓, MEK/ERK signaling↓ | [25] |
| CUMS-induced rats | BDNF↑, TrkB↑, synapsin I↑ | [28] |
| Diet-induced obese mice | Energy expenditure↑, locomotor activity↑, metabolic disorders↓, circadian rhythms↑ | [52] |
| DU-145 cells | cMyc↓, p50↓ | [58] |
| Freshly isolated hepatocytes | SCD1 mRNA expression↓, hyperlipidemia↓, adiposity↓ | [37] |
| H1299 cells | NOTCH-1↓, Jagged 1/2↓, Hey-1↓, Hes-1↓ | [66] |
| H1299, A549 cells | EMT↓, p-Src↓, p-paxillin↓, p-FAK↓, MMP-2↓, MMP-9↓, slug↓, snail↓, ZEB1↓, twist↓ | [67] |
| HepG2 cells | ApoB secretion (IC50 = 29 μM)↓, cholesterol synthesis (IC50 = 68 μM)↓, triglyceride synthesis (IC50 = 73 μM)↓ | [39] | Dyslipidemia↓, insulin resistance↓, atherogenesis↓, apoB100↓, MAPK↑, LDLR↑, MTP↓, DGAT1/2↓, Pgc1α↑, Cpt1α↑, β-oxidation↑ | [51] |
| Hepatocytes | NO (IC50 = 50 μM)↓ | [1] |
| HFD-induced obese mice | Plasma triglyceride↓, body weight gain↓, WAT weight↓, PPARα↑, PPARγ↑, fatty acid synthase↑, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c↑, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1↑, adiponectin↑, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1↑, uncoupling protein-2↑, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1↓, TNFα↓, GLUT4↑, p-Akt↑, IκBα degradation↓ | [34] |
| HL-60 cell line | ERK↓, caspase-3↑, caspase-9↑, caspase-8↑, MAPK↑ | [56] |
| HOS and U2OS cells | ERK/JNK↓, MMP-2↓, MMP-9↓, CREB↓, SP-1↓, NF-κB↓ | [71] |
| HT22 cells | p-p38↓, p-JNK↓, Bax↓, caspase-3↓, Bcl-2↑, cognitive impairment↓, apoptosis↓ | [22] |
| HuH-7, SK-N-SH, 3Y1 | Trib3 ↓, Ddit3↓, Asns↓, E2f8↓, Ccna2↓, Ccne2↓, Txnip↓ | [87] |
| Human intestinal mast cells | CCL3↓, CCL4↓, CXCL8↓, IL-1β↓, TNFα↓ | [42] |
| Human ovarian cancer cells | HIF-1α↓, Akt↓, NF-κB↓, VEGF↓ | [64] |
| Human fetal membranes and myometrium | IL-1β↓, TNFα↓, IL-8↓, IL-6↓, MMP-9↓, COX-2↓, pro-MMP-9↓, PGE2↓ | [65] |
| Human dermal fibroblasts | MMP-9↓, p-p38 MAPK↓ | [92] |
| L-Arginine-induced AP | Plasma amylase↓, pancreatic myeloperoxidase↓, plasma proinflammatory factors↓, reactive oxygen species production↓, cell apoptosis↓, pancreatic necrosis↓, p-p38MAPK↓, p-AKT↓ | [45] |
| MDA-MB-231 cells | MMP-9 (IC50 = 24 μM)↓, CXCR4 (IC50 = 32 μM)↓, MAPKs↓, NF-κB↓ | [61] |
| MDA-MB-468 cells | ERK1/2↓, cyclin D1↓, p21↑, Bcl-xL↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓ | [63] |
| MPP+-triggered rat PD | Microglia activation↓, dopaminergic neuron degeneration↓ | [23] |
| MPTP-triggered mice PD | Dopamine release↑, Ca2+/CaMKII autophosphorylation↑, DARPP-32↑, TH↑, cognitive and motor functions↑ | [24] |
| NK leukemia cell | Granzyme B↑, p38 MAPK↑, cytolytic activity of KHYG-1 cells↑ | [57] |
| NPC-BM, HONE-1 cells | MMP-2↓, NF-κB↓, AP-1↓, TIMP-2↑ | [69] |
| Normal human melanocytes | Tyrosinase↓, TRP1↓, PMEL↓, MITF↓, p-CREB↓, p-MEK/p-ERK1/2↓, p-Raf-1↓ | [91] |
| OVCAR-3, A2780/CP70 cells | Cell Viability↓, proliferation↓, VEGF↓ | [62] |
| OVX mice | Bone resorption↓, osteoclast formation↓, NF-κB↓, COX-2↓, PGE2↓ | [70] |
| P53-mutated SNU-16 human gastric cancer cells | Proliferation↓, caspase-3↑, caspase-9↑, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio↑, PARP degradation↑, apoptosis↑ | [43] |
| PC12 cells | Aβ self-induced aggregation↓ | [14] | NR1↑, NR2A↑, NR2B↑, c-FOS↑, learning impairment↓, CRE-dependent transcription↑, PKA/ERK/MEK/CREB↑ | [17] |
| PC-3 cells | Viability↓, VEGF↓, NF-κB↓, AKT/HIF-1α↓ | [58] |
| PDGF-BB treated VSMCs | Proliferation↓, migration↓, ROS↓, p-ERK1/2↓, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation↓ | [53] |
| Postischemic | HO-1↑, Nrf2↑, GSH↑, SOD1↑, MMP-9↓, MDA↓, NF-κB↓, neurological deficits↓, brain edema↓ | [11] |
| Rats | Hexokinase↑, succinate dehydrogenase↑, mitochondrial metabolism↑ | [30] |
| Rat I/R injury | Infarct volume↓, brain edema↓, cell death↓ | [20] | CREB↑, Akt↑, BDNF↑, Bcl-2↑, neurological deficits↓, brain edema↓, BBB permeability↓ | [21] |
| Rat primary astrocytes | iNOS↓, NO production↓, NF-κB↓, p38-MAPK phosphorylation↓ | [6] |
| RAW 264.7 cells | NO (IC50 = 27 μM)↓ | [46] | Bone resorption↓, osteoclast formation↓, osteoclastogenesis↓ | [8] |
| RBL-2H3 cells | IL-4↓, TNFα↓, AP-1↓, NF-κB↓, p38↓, PKC↓ | [86] |
| SAMP8 mice model | Aging cognitive impairment↓, tau phosphorylation↓, oxidative stress↓ | [12] |
| SK-N-SH cells | NEP↑ | [15] | TXNIP↓ | [27] |
| SMMC-7721 cells | Proliferation↓, Bcl-2↓, COX-2↓, Bax↑, caspase-3↑ | [48] |
| STZ-induced C57BL mice | TGFβ1↓, fibronectin↓, CTGF↓, collagen 1α↓, p22↓, p67↓, p91↓, p38 MAPK/JNK↓, NF-κB↓ | [50] |
| STZ-induced rats | Oxidative stress↓, hemodynamic parameters↓, vascular reactivity↓, MMP-2↓, MMP-9↓, collagen↓ | [10] |
| TNBS-triggered colitis | COX-2↓, iNOS↓, Akt-NF-κB-MLCK signaling↓ | [41] |
| U87, Hs683 glioma cells | Cell viability↓, cyclin D1↓, E2 promoter-binding factor 1↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, p-PKB↓, p-p38 MAPK↓, p-ERK↓, p-JNK↓ | [26] |
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