|
| Family | Scientific name | Plant part | Extract | Range of concentration tested μg/mL | Immunostimulatory effects, compared to untreated control [duration of the experiment] | Reference |
|
| Acanthaceae | Carlowrightia cordifolia A. Gray | Lv | Hex | 13.3 (mg/mL) | NO production (2.5-fold) at 13.3 mg/mL [48 h] in human primary peritoneal macrophage | [17] |
| Justicia spicigera Schltdl. | Lv | EtOH | 10–200 | Induction of phagocytosis (0.4-fold) at 200 μg/mL [48 h] by human primary lymphocytes against Saccharomyces cerevisiae
NO production (6.4-fold) in murine primary macrophages and H2O2 release (8.5-fold) at 200 μg/mL with murine monocyte–macrophages cocultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae [48 h]
Proliferation of human primary lymphocytes (0.4-fold) at 200 µg/mL [48 h] | [14] |
| Asteraceae | Bidens pilosa L. | Wp | H2O | 500 | Increased on IFN-γ promoter (1.9-fold) in Jurkat T cells at 500 µg/mL [72 h] | [44] |
| Xanthium strumarium L. | Wp | H2O | 10–100 | Proliferation of murine primary lymphocytes (13-fold) at 100 µg/mL [44 h] | [45] |
| Cactaceae | Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J. M. Coult. | Tb | MeOH | 0.18–18 | Proliferation of murine primary lymphocytes (2.5-fold) at 0.18–1.8 μg/mL [72 h]
NO production (3-fold) at 18 μg/mL using murine peritoneal macrophages [72 h] | [26] |
| Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. | Lv | H2O | 1.25–5 (mg/mL) | Production of IFN-γ (2.0-fold), IL-12 p40 (2.0-fold) in human primary lymphocytes at 1.25 mg/mL [24 h] | [46] |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia cotinifolia L. | Latex | — | 25 | Proliferation of human primary lymphocytes (1.6-fold) at 25 μg/mL [66 h] | [47] |
| Euphorbia hirta L. | Ap | EtOH | 0.06–500 (mg/mL) | Induction of phagocytosis of Candida albicans (2.0-fold) by primary murine macrophages at 500 mg/mL [1 h] | [29] |
| Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch | Lv | Hex : DCM : MeOH (2 : 1 : 1) | 25 | Proliferation of human primary lymphocytes (6.5-fold) at 25 μg/mL [66 h] | [47] |
| Hura crepitans L. | Lv | Hex : DCM : MeOH (2 : 1 : 1) | 25 | Proliferation of human primary lymphocytes (0.85-fold) at 25 μg/mL [66 h] | [47] |
| Hypericaceae | Hypericum perforatum L. | Wp | H2O | 750 | Proliferation of murine primary lymphocytes (1.6-fold) at 750 μg/mL [18 h] | [48] |
| Lauraceae | Persea americana Mill. | Lv | MeOH | 3.91–250 | Proliferation of murine primary lymphocytes (1.6-fold) at 250 μg/mL [48 h] | [39] |
| Molluginaceae | Mollugo verticillata L. | Ap | EtOH | 25 | NO production (1.6-fold) at 25 μg/mL using murine peritoneal primary macrophages cocultures with Mycobacterium tuberculosis [48 h] | [44] |
| Nyctaginaceae | Bougainvillea × buttiana Holttum & Standl. | Fw | EtOH | 2.9–290 | H2O2 production (0.4-fold) at 2.9 μg/mL with murine primary peritoneal macrophages [24 h]
Proliferation of murine primary peritoneal macrophages (0.6-fold) at 29 μg/mL [48 h]
NO production (2.4-fold) at 290 μg/mL with murine primary peritoneal macrophages [48 h] | [36] |
| Phyllanthaceae | Phyllanthus niruri L. | Lv | Hex : DCM : MeOH (2 : 1 : 1) | 25 | Proliferation of human primary lymphocytes (1.3-fold) at 25 μg/mL [66 h] | [47] |
| Phytolaccaceae | Petiveria alliacea L. | Ap | H2O | 25 | Production of IL-6 (100-fold), IL-10 (14-fold), and IL-8 (12-fold) in dendritic cells at 25 μg/mL [48 h] | [49] |
| Plantaginaceae | Plantago virginica L. | Lv | MeOH | 3.91–250 | Proliferation of murine primary lymphocytes at 250 μg/mL (1.6-fold) [48 h] | [39] |
| Rubiaceae | Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. | Rb | H2O | 0.32–320 | NO production (1.5-fold) at 320 μg/mL using murine primary peritoneal macrophages [48 h]
Production of IL-6 (7.2-fold) at 320 μg/mL in murine primary peritoneal macrophages [24 h] | [50] |
| Santalaceae | Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M. C. Johnst. | Lv | EtOH | 1–50 | Proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophages (0.2-fold) and murine primary splenocytes (0.3-fold) at 50 μg/mL [48 h]
Lysosomal enzyme activity (0.2-fold) at 50 μg/mL using RAW 264.7 macrophages [48 h]
Stimulation of NK cell activity (7.1-fold) at 50 μg/mL using murine primary splenocytes cocultured with K562 cells [48 h]
Production of IFN-γ (1.6-fold), IL-2 (1.4-fold), and IL-6 (1.3-fold) at 50 μg/mL using murine primary splenocytes cocultured with K562 cells [48 h] | [41] |
| Talinaceae | Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. | Sm | EtOH | 100–1000 | Proliferation of human primary lymphocytes (2-fold) at 1000 μg/mL [72 h]
NO production (4-fold) at 1000 μg/mL [72 h]
Production of IFN-γ (16-fold) at 500 μg/mL in human primary lymphocytes [72 h] | [42] |
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