Medicinal Plants from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Used as Immunostimulants

Table 6

Medicinal plants used as immunostimulants with no pharmacological studies.

Family	Scientific name	Common name	Plant part	Other popular uses	Reference
Adoxaceae	Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC.	Sauco	Lv	AI, CO, DU	[60]
Agavaceae	Agave americana L.	Maguey	Ap	DU, CA	[61]
	Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck	Agave	Ap	DU, CA	[19]
	Agave tequilana F. A. C. Weber	Agave	Ap	DG	[62]
	Furcraea tuberosa (Mill.) W. T. Aiton	Maguey	Rt	AI	[31]
Amaranthaceae	Chenopodium ambrosioides L.	Epazote	Lv	AP, DI, CA	[63]
	Chenopodium berlandieri Moq.	Epazote	Lv	BR, AP	[63]
	Chenopodium incisum Poir.	Epazote zorrillo	Lv	AP, DU	[63]
	Iresine ajuscana Suess. & Beyerle	Iresine	Lv	AI	[13]
Anacardiaceae	Spondias mombin L.	Jobo	Fr	WH, DI	[64]
Asteraceae	Austroeupatorium inulifolium (Kunth) R. M. King & H. Rob.	Salvia amarga	Wp	CO	[65]
	Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff	Aceitilla	Wp	DB, DI, SA	[66]
	Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd.	Trepadora	Lv	AI, CO, BP	[67]
	Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass.	Burrito	Rt	BP, DB, CA, AP	[67]
	Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lam.) DC.	Varita pienegro	Wp	AV, CA	[68]
	Sanvitalia ocymoides DC.	Ojo de gallo	Wp	DI, SA	[69]
	Tagetes lucida Cav.	Pericón	Ap	SA, DP, CA	[33]
Bignoniaceae	Crescentia alata Kunth	Huaje	Fr	TB, CA, DI	[70]
	Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem.	Cuajilote	Ap	DB, BP, DU, CO, DI	[60]
	Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth	Tronadora	Ap	DB, DU, CA	[71]
Bixaceae	Bixa orellana L.	Achiote	Sd	CA, WH, DU	[68]
Bromeliaceae	Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.	Pineapple	Fr	DB, AH, CA	[72]
Burseraceae	Bursera copallifera (DC.) Bullock	Copal	Ap	AI, CA	[73]
	Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl.	Palo xixote	Bk	SA, CA	[74]
	Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.	Palo mulato	Lv	CO, SA, CA	[67]
Commelinaceae	Zebrina pendula Schnizl.	Hierba de pollo	Lv	BP, WH, DB, CA	[43]
Cordiaceae	Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken	Aguardientillo	Lv	TB, WH	[67]
	Varronia globosa Jacq.	Yerba de la sangre	Ap	DU	[23]
Costaceae	Costus arabicus L.	Caña Guinea	Ap	AI	[75]
Cupressaceae	Taxodium mucronatum Ten.	Ahuehuete	Br	DI	[76]
Gesneriaceae	Moussonia deppeana (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hanst.	Tlalchichinole	Ap	WH, DI	[19]
Euphorbiaceae	Acalypha phleoides Cav.	Hierba del cáncer	Ap	CA, DI	[76]
	Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Johnst.	Chaya	Lv	DB, CA	[28]
	Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A. Juss.	Croton	Lv	DI	[28]
Equisetaceae	Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun	Cola de caballo	Ap	DU	[77]
Fabaceae	Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC.	Manayupa	Ap	DU, WH	[40]
	Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg.	Palo dulce	Lv	DU, DB, WH, CA	[78]
	Haematoxylum brasiletto H. Karst.	Palo de Brasil	Bk	CO, DI	[19]
	Senna reticulata (Willd.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby	Barajo	Ap	DB, WH	[43]
	Zornia thymifolia Kunth	Hierba de la vibora	Wp	DI, BP	[66]
Juglandaceae	Juglans jamaicensis C. DC.	Palo de nuez	Bk	WH, AP	[31]
	Juglans major (Torr.) A. Heller	Nogal	Lv	DU, AP, WH, CA	[76]
	Juglans mollis Engelm.	Nuez de caballo	Ap	WH, BP	[79]
Krameriaceae	Krameria grayi Rose & J. H. Painter	Zarzaparrilla	Wp	DU	[20]
Lamiaceae	Salvia regla Cav.	Salvia	Lv	WH	[63]
	Satureja macrostema (Moc. & Sessé ex Benth.) Briq.	Té de monte	Lv	CO	[80]
Lauraceae	Cinnamomum pachypodum (Nees) Kosterm.	Laurel	Ap	AP	[63]
Loranthaceae	Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don	Muerdago	Ap	CA, WH	[76]
Meliaceae	Cedrela odorata L.	Cedro	Bk	TB, DI	[37]
Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava L.	Guayaba	Ap	AI, DI, CA	[81]
Moraceae	Brosimum alicastrum Sw.	Ojite	Lv	TB, FL	[82]
Musaceae	Musa sapientum L.	Banana	Fr	DI, DG	[83]
Onagraceae	Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P. H. Raven	Clavo de la laguna	Ap	CO	[43]
Orobanchaceae	Castilleja tenuiflora Benth.	Cola de borrego	Ap	WH, CO, DI, CA	[84]
Papaveraceae	Bocconia frutescens L.	Gordolobo	Lv	CO, SA, CA	[35]
Passifloraceae	Turnera diffusa Willd.	Damiana	Lv	CO, DI, CA	[79]
Piperaceae	Piper auritum Kunth	Acoyo	Lv	SA, CO, DI	[85]
Polemoniaceae	Loeselia mexicana (Lam.) Brand	Espinosilla	Ap	DI, DU	[86]
Polygonaceae	Polygonum aviculare L.	Sanguinaria	Ap	DI, BR, DU, CA	[76]
Polypodiaceae	Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt	Helecho de resurrección	Lv	AP	[31]
	Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A. R. Sm.	Calaguala	Rt	WH, AH	[87]
Rhizophoraceae	Rhizophora mangle L.	Mangle rojo	Bk	DI, DB, CA	[23]
Rubiaceae	Hamelia patens Jacq.	Escobetilla	Lv	AI, BP, CA	[67]
Salicaceae	Salix humboldtiana Willd.	Sauce criollo	Rt	AI, TB	[88]
	Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britton & Millsp.	Guaguasí	Bk	WH, CA	[23]
Selaginellaceae	Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring	Doradilla	Wp	DU, CO, CA	[86]
Smilacaceae	Smilax domingensis Willd.	Zarzaparrilla	Rt	DI, SA	[89]
	Smilax moranensis M. Martens & Galeotti	Zarzaparrilla	Wp	DU, CO	[66]
	Smilax spinosa Mill.	Zarzaparrilla	Wp	BP, CA	[90]
Solanaceae	Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.	Jitomate	Fr	CO, CA	[13]
	Solanum americanum Mill.	Hierba mora	Lv	BP, WH, CA	[91]
Urticaceae	Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd.	Chichicate	Rt	DU, AI, BP	[23]
Verbenaceae	Verbena litoralis Kunth	Verbena negra	Lv	SA, CO, AH	[92]
Viscaceae	Phoradendron brachystachyum (DC.) Nutt.	Muerdago	Ap	DB, CA	[93]
Vitaceae	Cissus sicyoides L.	Tripa de Judas	Lv	BP, WH, AI, CA	[85]

AP: antiparasitic; AI: anti-inflammatory; AV: antiviral; BP: body pain; CA: cancer; CO: cough; DG: digestive; DI: diarrhea; DU: diuretic; DP: depression; FL: flu; SA: stomachache; TB: tuberculosis; WH: wound healing. Plant part: Ap: aerial parts; Bk: bark; Br: branches; Fr: fruit; Lv: leaves; Fw: flower; Rb: root bark; Rt: root; Sd: seeds; Sm: stem; Tb: tubercle; Wp: whole plant.