Model Experiment durations Herbal medicine Pathological and biochemical changes; mechanism involved Reference Hepatotoxin induced CCl4 6 hrs Tanreqing injection Reduced serum liver markers and inflammation. [182 ] 10 hrs Lycium barbarum polysaccharidesReduced centrilobular necrosis and ALT level. Restored antioxidant enzymes, decreased NO and lipid peroxidation, attenuated hepatic inflammation, and reduced NF-κ B activity. [183 ] 24 hrs Taohe Chengqi Tang Reduced ALT and AST. Showed normal lobular pattern with mild degree of fat deposition, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltrations. [184 ] 2 days Punarnavashtak kwath Showed mild inflammation. Reduced ALT, AST, ALP, and SBRN. Increased glutathione, SOD, and catalase; decreased TBARS. [185 ] 2 days Sharbat-e-Deenar Restored glutathione, adenosine triphosphate, and G-6-Pase. [186 ] 2 days Majoon-e-Dabeed-ul-ward Decreased serum enzymes, albumin, and urea. Reduced necrosis, hepatocyte regeneration, and inflammation. Reduced TBARS; restored glutathione, adenosine triphosphatase, and G-6-Pase in liver. [187 ] 5 days Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) and Verbascum sinaiticum BenthShowed lesser injury and necrosis. Reduced ALT, AST, and ASP levels. [188 ] 5 days Polydatin Decreased ALT and AST. Blocked degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Reduced MDA, hepatic TNFα , IL-1β , COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κ B; increased SOD, CAT, GPx, and TGFβ . [189 ] 5 days Meconopsis integrifolia (Maxim.) FranchReduced ALT, AST, ALP, and TB. Demonstrated in vivo antioxidant activities. [190 ] 7 days Flowers of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic Decreased vacuole formation and hepatocellular necrosis. Reduced MDA, TNFα , IL-1β , and NO; increased GSH, SOD, GPx, CAT, and GST. [191 ] 7 days Radix Tetrastigma Decreased ALT and AST. Improved hepatic lesion. Reduced MDA, Bax, and caspase-3; increased SOD. [192 ] 7 days Naringenin Blocked necrosis and restored cellular arrangement. Decreased ALT, AST, and ALP. Reduced TNFα , iNOS, and COX-2; increased Nrf2 and HO-1. [193 ] 7 days Prosthechea michuacana W. E. HigginsReduced hepatic serum markers and total protein. [194 ] 8 days Syzygium jambos Restored SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and total bilirubin. [195 ] 8 days Heptapeptide from Carapax trionycis Decreased ALT and AST. Reduced injury, necrosis, and ballooning degeneration. Showed moderate hypertrophy. Reduced MDA and increased GSH-Px. [196 ] 10 days Ethanolic extract of Eruca sativa L. Showed reduced inflammation. Reduced MDA. [197 ] 10 days Fruit of Lagenaria breviflora Decreased total bilirubin. Restored total protein, albumin, and globulin. Increased GSH and reduced MDA and H2 O2 . [198 ] 14 days Dendrobium huoshanense Reduced MDA; restored SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH. [199 ] 15 days Saponins in Radix Trichosanthis Increased SOD and T-AOC; decreased MDA and LDH levels. [200 ] 15 days Licorice aqueous extract Reduced ALT, AST, and ALP. Increased total protein, albumin, and globulin. Improved liver SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR, GST activities, and GSH level; reduced MDA, liver hydroxyproline, and serum TNFα . [56 ] 3 wks Ethanol extract of Grewia tenax Improved hepatic necrosis. Reduced MDA. [201 ] Ficus chlamydocarpa Decreased serum enzyme markers. Reduced GSH and liver MDA. [202 ] Physalis peruviana Improved oxidative stress markers. [203 ] Shaoganduogan Reduced transaminase; blocked degeneration and necrosis. Enhanced activity of Na+ -K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, and SOD; reduced MDA. [193 , 204 ] Chemical induced D-galactosamine induced 14 days Xiao-Chai-Hu Tang Decreased serum IL-6 and TNFα , FasmRNA, FasLmRNA, and Bax protein but increased Bcl-2. [205 , 206 ] 22 days Leucas aspera (LA) Willd.Showed reduced hepatocellular necrosis. Decreased ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, TC, and TB. Elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and decreased lipid peroxidation levels in liver. [206 ] 22 days Brassica nigra (L.) KochDecreased SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, and γ -GT; increased total protein and albumin. Reduced hepatocyte degeneration. [207 ] Extracts from processed Corni fructus Decreased ALT and AST. Improved liver damage. Increased SOD and reduced MDA. [205 , 208 ] LPS induced 6 hours Bai-Hu-Tang No observable cellular necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Prevents increase of IL10, TNFα . [209 ] D-galactosamine and LPS induced 1 hr Echinacoside, from Cistanche salsa Decreased ALT. Blocked hepatocyte apoptosis and improved histopathological changes. Reduced inflammatory markers. [210 ] 5 hrs Xijiao Dihuang decoction Reduced ALT and AST. Blocked liver injury. [211 ] 36 hrs Sanhuangyinchi decoction Decreased ALT, TBIL, and PT. Inhibits caspase-3 activity. [212 ] 3 d Fuzheng Huayu recipe Blocked hepatocyte apoptosis and reduced ALT and AST. Decreased MDA; improved SOD activity in liver. Decreased TNFα and TNFR1 protein expression. [213 ] 7 days Sanhuangyinchi decoction Reduced ALT, AST, TBIL, TP, and INR; increased FIB. Blocked the pathological changes. Increased SOD; decreased MDA and caspase-3 in liver. [214 ] Qingxia therapy Decreased ALT, AST, and TBIL levels and hepatocyte necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Reduced BAX, caspase-3 and increased Bcl-2. [215 ] Drug induced Paracetamol induced 24 hrs Andrographis paniculata and Swertia chirayita Reversed the elevated levels of GOT, GPT, ALP, and bilirubin. Restored liver architecture. Increased LPO; reduced SOD, catalase, GSH, and GPx. [216 , 217 ] 7 d Nigella sativa extractReduced liver enzymes and total bilirubin. Showed reduction of sinusoidal dilation, necrosis, and apoptosis. [217 ] Acetaminophen induced 24 hrs Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam.Reduced SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and bilirubin. Showed minimal fibrosis and periportal inflammation. Reduced inflammatory markers, MDA, and antioxidant enzyme levels. [57 , 218 ] 8 days Capparis sepiaria L.Reduced SGPT, SGOT, and ALP. [218 ] Rifampicin induced in Wistar rat 15 d Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.Reduced SGOT, SGPT, GGTP, ALP, and total bilirubin. Showed mild degeneration and necrosis. [219 ] Antitubercular drug induced 45 d Hibiscus vitifolius Linn.Reduced AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and total bilirubin and increased TC, TP, and albumin. Reduced necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Increased catalase and SOD; reduced TARS. [220 ] Others Sodium arsenite induced in rats Ocimum basilicum Reduced ALT and AST. [221 ] Restrained stress induced in mouse 5 d Myelophil, an ethanol extract of Radix Astragali and Salviae Radix Reduced ALT and AST. Reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation; restored liver catalase, glutathione reduced, and peroxidase; normalised IL1β . [222 ] Dimethoate induced (insecticides) in guinea pigs 21 d Withania somnifera extractReduced AST, ALT, and ALP. No observable pathological changes. [223 ] Pyrogallol induced 12 hrs Cotinus coggygria Scop.Reversed AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin. Reduced Akt and STAT3. [224 ] Concanavalin-A 9 d Suaeda maritima (L.) DumortReduced serum liver markers. Restored liver architecture and showed less visible changes. [225 ] Naphthalene induced 30 d Coleus aromaticus leaf extractShowed no necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Reduced AST, ALT, ACP, and ALP. [226 ] Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced 5 d Calculus bovis SativusDecreased ALT, AST, ASP, and Tbil. Showed mild interlobular duct epithelial damages, lesser neutrophil cells infiltration, necrosis, and degeneration. Reduced MDA; increased hepatic SOD. [227 ] 9 d Danning tablet Reduced ALT, AST, ALP, T-Bil, and D-Bil. Showed mild necrotic and degenerative changes with lesser neutrophil infiltration. Reduced hepatic MPO, GST, GSH, and LPO; increased SOD, Gpx, and CAT activities. [228 ]
