Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines against Ischemic Injury in In Vivo Models of Cerebral Ischemia

Table 5

TCMs regulate transcription factors in the inflammatory cascade in ischemic stroke models.

TCMs	Isolated from the Chinese herb (Chinese name)	Anti-inflammatory actions	Models	References
Wogonin	Huang Qin	NF-κBp65↓, iNOS↓, TNF-α↓	4-VO; 10 min of ischemia followed by 7 d of reperfusion	[58]
Tanshinone IIA	Dan Shen	NF-κBp65↓, iNOS↓	MCAo; 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion; Permanent MCAo; 24 h of ischemia	[59, 60]
Silymarin	Shui Fei Ji	NF-κBp65↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, ICAM-1↓, IL-1β↓, MPO↓	MCAo; 1 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[61]
Ruscogenin	Mai Men Dong	NF-κBp65↓, ICAM-1↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓	MCAo; 1 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[62]
Hydroxysafflor yellow A	Hong Hua	NF-κBp65↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓	Permanent MCAo; 24 h of ischemia	[63]
2-Methoxystypandrone	Hu Zhang	NF-κBp65↓, IκBα↑, iNOS↓, COX-2↓,	MCAo; 40 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[64]
Piperlonguminine	Bi Bo	NF-κBp65↓, p-p38 MAPK↓	Permanent MCAo; 24 h of ischemia	[65]
Curcumin	Jiang Huang	PPARγ↑, NF-κBp65↓, IκBα↑, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, iNOS↓, PGE2↓, COX-2↓	MCAo; 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[66]
Icariin	Yin Yang Huo	PPARα↑, PPARγ↑, NF-κBp65↓, IL-1β↓	MCAo; 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[67]
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside	Hong Hua	STAT3↓, NF-κBp65↓; TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, iNOS↓, MMP-9↓, ICAM-1↓	MCAo; 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[68]
Astragaloside IV, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, notoginsenoside R1	Huang Qi and San Qi	JAK1↓, STAT1↓, NF-κBp65↓, p-IκBα↓; TNF-α mRNA↓, IL-1β mRNA↓, ICAM-1 mRNA↓	BCCAo; 20 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[69]
Curcumin	Jiang Huang	JAK2↑, STAT3↑, IL-1β↓, IL-8↓	MCAo; 1.5 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[70]
Tetramethylpyrazine	Chuan Xiong	Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, MPO↓, p-c-Jun↓, p-JNK↓, AP-1↓	Permanent MCAo; 72 h of ischemia	[71]

4-VO, 4-vessel occlusion; IκBα, inhibitor of NF-κB protein α; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; JAK1, Janus kinase 1; AP-1, activating protein-1.