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Effect | Botanicals | Physiology | Study | Authors |
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Downregulation of LPS-induced COX-2 and iNOS expression | Korean Citrus aurantium L. | 10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL | Rat skeletal muscle cells | Kim et al., 2012 [7] |
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Suppression or inhibition of NF-B | Korean Citrus aurantium L. | 10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL | Rat skeletal muscle cells | Kim et al., 2012 [7] |
Eugenia punicifolia | 2 mg/mL | Male mdx dystrophic mice | Leite et al., 2010 [8] |
Camellia sinensis | 0.25% or 0.5% green tea extract, at the age of 42 days | C57BL/6J and mdx mice | Evans et al., 2010 [9] |
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Increase of NF-B | Panax ginseng | DS 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg | Rats | Yu et al., 2014 [10] |
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Induction of the phosporylation of AMPK | Glycine max | 100 µM | C2C12 myotubes | Hirasaka et al., 2013 [11] |
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Decrease of MURF-1 promoter activity | Glycine max | 100 µM | C2C12 myotubes | Hirasaka et al., 2013 [11] |
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Suppression of LPS-induced phosphorylation of the MAPKs (JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPK pERK) | Korean Citrus aurantium L. | 10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL | Rat skeletal muscle cells | Kim et al., 2012 [7] |
Eugenia punicifolia | 100 µg/mL | Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12) | Leite et al., 2014 [12] |
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Increase of ERK1/2 activity | Hachimijiogan (HJG) | HJG treatment (1–200 μg/mL) | Murine skeletal cells | Takeda et al., 2015 [13] |
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Activation of p38 MAPK signaling | Broussonetia kazinoki (pp38) | KP in 2% HS for 48 h, 10–1000 nM | C2C12 and 10T1/2 cells | Hwang et al., 2015 [14] |
Corydalis turtschaninovii (p-p38) | Various concentrations of THP | C2C12 myoblasts and fibroblast 10T1/2 | Lee et al., 2014 [15] |
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Increase of myogenin | Eugenia punicifolia (17.5-kDa) | 2 mg/mL | Male mdx dystrophic mice | Leite et al., 2010 [8] |
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Increased expression of MHC, myogenin, and Troponin-T | Broussonetia kazinoki | KP in 2% HS for 48 h, 10–1000 nM | C2C12 and 10T1/2 cells | Hwang et al., 2015 [14] |
Corydalis turtschaninovii | Various concentrations of THP | C2C12 myoblasts and fibroblast 10T1/2 | Lee et al., 2014 [15] |
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Decrease of the expression of TNF-α | Korean Citrus aurantium L. | 10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL | Rat skeletal muscle cells | Kim et al., 2012 [7] |
Vitis vinifera | 100 μM | Mouse C2C12 cells | Wang et al., 2014 [16] |
Panax notoginseng | 5 mg of Rg1 | Healthy young men () | Hou et al., 2015 [17] |
Phlebodium decumanum | 5 capsules of 400 mg (250 mg of leaf extract and 150 mg of rhizome extract) | Amateur athletes () | Díaz-Castro et al., 2012 [18] |
Eugenia punicifolia | 2 mg/mL | Male mdx dystrophic mice | Leite et al., 2010 [8] |
Coffee | The same amount of drink in control and coffee group for 4 weeks | C57BL/6 mice | Guo et al., 2014 [19] |
Camellia sinensis | 0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running | Mice | Haramizu et al., 2013 [20] |
Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL) | 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | Five-week-old male | Chen et al., 2013 [21] |
Glycine max | 100 µM | C2C12 myotubes | Hirasaka et al., 2013 [11] |
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Increase in sTNF-RII | Phlebodium decumanum | 5 capsules of 400 mg (250 mg of leaf extract and 150 mg of rhizome extract) | Amateur athletes () | Díaz-Castro et al., 2012 [18] |
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Decrease of IL-1α | Coffee | The same amount of drink in control and coffee group for 4 weeks | C57BL/6 mice | Guo et al., 2014 [19] |
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Decrease of IL-6 | Korean Citrus aurantium L. | 10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL | Rat skeletal muscle cells | Kim et al., 2012 [7] |
Curcumin (at 24 h) | 2.5 g twice daily | Men () | Nicol et al., 2015 [22] |
Coffee | The same amount of drink in control and coffee group for 4 weeks | C57BL/6 mice | Guo et al., 2014 [19] |
Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL) | 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | Five-week-old male | Chen et al., 2013 [21] |
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Increase of interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Curcumin (at 0 h and 48 h) | 2.5 g twice daily | Men () | Nicol et al., 2015 [22] |
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Decrease of IL-8 | Curcumin | 1 g twice daily (corresponding to 200 mg curcumin twice a day) | Healthy, moderately active male () | Drobnic et al., 2014 [23] |
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Decrease of IL-1β | Eugenia punicifolia (17.5-kDa) | 2 mg/mL | Male mdx dystrophic mice | Leite et al., 2010 [8] |
Panax ginseng | DS | Rats | Yu et al., 2014 [10] |
Camellia sinensis | 0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running | Mice | Haramizu et al., 2013 [20] |
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Increase of IL-10 | Panax notoginseng | 5 mg of Rg1 | Healthy young men () | Hou et al., 2015 [17] |
Panax ginseng | DS 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg | Rats | Yu et al., 2014 [10] |
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Decrease of MCP-1 | Camellia sinensis | 0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running | Mice | Haramizu et al., 2013 [20] |
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Decreased MnSOD (only at high dose) | Panax ginseng | DS 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg | Rats | Yu et al., 2014 [10] |
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Decrease of the expression of cleaved caspase-3 | Korean Citrus aurantium L. | 100 µg | Rat skeletal muscle cells | Kim et al., 2013 [24] |
Eugenia punicifolia | 2 mg/mL | Male mdx dystrophic mice | Leite et al., 2010 [8] |
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Increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as GPx (not at high dose) and GCS | Panax ginseng | DS 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg | Rats | Yu et al., 2014 [10] |
Phlebodium decumanum (only GPx) | 5 capsules of 400 mg (250 mg of leaf extract and 150 mg of rhizome extract) | Amateur athletes () | Díaz-Castro et al., 2012 [18] |
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Increase of MMP-9 and MMP-2 | Eugenia punicifolia | 100 µg/mL | Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12) | Leite et al., 2014 [12] |
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Reduced MMP-9 | Eugenia punicifolia | 2 mg/mL | C57BL/10 mice | Leite et al., 2014 [12] |
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Reduced MMP-9 and MMP-2 | Eugenia punicifolia | 2 mg/mL | Male mdx dystrophic mice | Leite et al., 2010 [8] |
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Increase of citrate synthase (CS) activity | Panax notoginseng | 5 mg of Rg1 | Healthy young men () | Hou et al., 2015 [17] |
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Attenuation of the increases in mRNAs encoding Ly6G and CD68 observed at 24 h after downhill running | Camellia sinensis | 0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running | Mice | Haramizu et al., 2013 [20] |
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Increase of p27 and pAkt | Eugenia punicifolia | 100 µg/mL | Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12) | Leite et al., 2014 [12] |
Corydalis turtschaninovii (only pAkt) | Various concentrations of THP | C2C12 myoblasts and fibroblast 10T1/2 | Lee et al., 2014 [15] |
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Reduction of Cyclin D1 | Eugenia punicifolia | 100 µg/mL | Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12) | Leite et al., 2014 [12] |
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Increased expression of pAkt and pFoxO3a | Camellia sinensis | 10–150 μM | C2C12 myotubes | Mirza et al., 2014 [25] |
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Decrease in MPO activity | Camellia sinensis | 0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running | Mice | Haramizu et al., 2013 [20] |
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Decreased caspase-3 expression | Vitis vinifera | 0.4 mg per gram body mass per day | Mice (male C57BL/6J mice) | Ballak et al., 2015 [26] |
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Upregulation of phosphorylation of Akt, p70S6K, mTOR, and 4E-BP1 | Vitis vinifera | 100 μM | Mouse C2C12 cells | Wang et al., 2014 [16] |
Coffee | Coffee solution 10, 30, 50, and 100 µg/mL | Mouse myosatellite cells | Guo et al., 2014 [19] |
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Prevention of HSPB1 phosphorylation | Pinus pinaster | 0.05 mg/mL | Human muscle satellite cells | Poussard et al., 2013 [27] |
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Decrease in FoxO1 protein and promotion of FoxO1 phosphorylation | Vitis vinifera | 100 μM | Mouse C2C12 cells | Wang et al., 2014 [16] |
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Decreased MURF-1 and MAFbx | Camellia sinensis | 10–150 μM | C2C12 myotubes | Mirza et al., 2014 [25] |
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Increased MURF-1 | Go-sha-jinki-Gan (GJG) (only PGC-1α) | 4% (w/w) | Male SAMP8, SAMR1 mice | Kishida et al., 2015 [28] |
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Increase of the expression of MAFbx/atrogin1 | Chestnuts flour | Polyphenols (100 nM) or tocopherols (100 nM) | C2C12 myotube cells | Frati et al., 2014 [29] |
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Decreased expression of proteasomes 20S and 19S | Camellia sinensis | 10–150 μM | C2C12 myotubes | Mirza et al., 2014 [25] |
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Decreased peak CK serum or activity | Curcumin | 150 mg before and 12 h after each eccentric exercise | Untrained young men |
Tanabe et al., 2015 [30] |
Curcumin | 2.5 g twice daily | Men () | Nicol et al., 2015 [22] |
Curcumin | 200 mg/kg/day | Male Wistar rats | Boz et al., 2014 [31] |
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Decrease plasma-serum ammonia levels | Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit | 0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days | Male ICR mice | Wang et al., 2012 [32] |
Angelica sinensis | 0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks | Male ICR strain mice | Yeh et al., 2014 [33] |
Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL) | 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | Five-week-old male | Chen et al., 2013 [21] |
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Increase in blood creatine kinase | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 4 g of ginger once a day for 5 days | 20 non-weight trained participants | Matsumura et al., 2015 [34] |
Eriobotrya japonica | 50 mg/kg/day | Young (5-month-old) and aged (18-19-month-old) rats | Sung et al., 2015 [35] |
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Increase in serum creatinine | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (WS) | 750 mg/day × 10 days; 1000 mg/day × 10 days; 1250 mg/day × 10 days | Eighteen apparently healthy volunteers | Raut et al., 2012 [36] |
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Decrease of serum creatine kinase activity | Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit | 0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days | Male ICR mice | Wang et al., 2012 [32] |
Salvia officinalis | 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW | 50 rats |
JiPing, 2011 [37] |
Angelica sinensis | 0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks | Male ICR strain mice | Yeh et al., 2014 [33] |
Camellia sinensis | 0.25% or 0.5% green tea extract at the age of 42 days | C57BL/6J and mdx mice | Evans et al., 2010 [9] |
Withania somnifera | 500 mg of the whole root extract twice daily; 750 mg twice daily | 35 individuals |
Mishra and Trikamji, 2013 [5] |
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Decrease in plasma lactate or lactic acid | Korean mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. coloratum) | KME at 400 or 1000 mg/(kg·d) for 1 week and 25, 40, 200, and 400 mg/kg | ICR mice | Jung et al., 2012 [38] |
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d | BALB/c mice | Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39] |
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit | 0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days | Male ICR mice | Wang et al., 2012 [32] |
Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT) | 5, 10, and 20 mL/ kg body weight for 28 days | 32 male mice | Li et al., 2013 [40] |
Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL) | 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | Five-week-old male | Chen et al., 2013 [21] |
Angelica sinensis | 0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks | Male ICR strain mice | Yeh et al., 2014 [33] |
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Increase in LDH and lactic acid | Panax ginseng | 10 mg/kg | Rat | Tan et al., 2013 [41] |
Acanthopanax senticosus (LDH) | 500 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg; 280 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg; 70 mg/kg or 280 mg/kg | Five-week-old male ICR mice | Huang et al., 2011 [42] |
Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL) | 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | Five-week-old male | Chen et al., 2013 [21] |
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Decreased myoglobin levels | Curcumin | 200 mg/kg/day | Male Wistar rats | Boz et al., 2014 [31] |
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Decreased MDA levels in liver tissue | Curcumin | 200 mg/kg/day | Male Wistar rats | Boz et al., 2014 [31] |
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 days | BALB/c mice | Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39] |
Curcuma longa | 20–40 μg kg−1 of curcumin | Wistar rats () | Vitadello et al., 2014 [43] |
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Increased MDA | Panax ginseng | 10 mg/kg | Rat | Tan et al., 2013 [41] |
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Increased availability of serum free fatty acid | Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. | 400 mg/kg BW for 21 days | BALB/c mice | Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39] |
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Decreased level of TG | Acanthopanax senticosus | 500 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg; 280 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg; 70 mg/kg or 280 mg/kg | Five-week-old male ICR mice | Huang et al., 2011 [42] |
Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL) | 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | Five-week-old male | Chen et al., 2013 [21] |
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (WS) | 750 mg/day × 10 days; 1000 mg/day × 10 days; 1250 mg/day × 10 days | Eighteen apparently healthy volunteers | Raut et al., 2012 [36] |
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Decrease in glucose and insulin | Panax notoginseng | 5 mg of Rg1 | Healthy young men () | Hou et al., 2015 [17] |
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Increase in blood glucose | Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit | 0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days | Male ICR mice | Wang et al., 2012 [32] |
Angelica sinensis | 0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks | Male ICR strain mice | Yeh et al., 2014 [33] |
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Increase in citrate synthase (CS) activity | Panax notoginseng | 5 mg of Rg1 | Healthy young men () | Hou et al., 2015 [17] |
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Rate of glycogen accumulation | Panax notoginseng | 5 mg of Rg1 | Healthy young men () | Hou et al., 2015 [17] |
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Increase in glycogen content of liver and muscle | Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d | BALB/c mice | Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39] |
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit | 0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days | Male ICR mice | Wang et al., 2012 [32] |
Panax ginseng | 10 mg/kg | Rat | Tan et al., 2013 [41] |
Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT) | 5, 10, and 20 mL/kg body weight for 28 days | 32 male mice | Li et al., 2013 [40] |
Angelica sinensis | 0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks | Male ICR strain mice | Yeh et al., 2014 [33] |
Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL) | 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | Five-week-old male | Chen et al., 2013 [21] |
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Increase in cholinesterase (ChE) | Salvia officinalis | 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW | 50 rats |
JiPing, 2011 [37] |
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Upregulation of HSP70 mRNA levels or induction of the expression of Hsp-70 | Rhodiola rosea | 10 μg/mL of Rhodiolife | Murine skeletal muscle cells |
Hernández-Santana et al., 2014 [44] |
Cichorium intybus (Cii) | 5, 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL | C2C12 myoblast | Lee et al., 2013 [45] |
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Downregulation of Hsp-70 | Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 days | BALB/c mice | Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39] |
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Prevention of calpain upregulation | Pinus pinaster | Oligopin (0.05 mg/mL) | Cultured human skeletal muscle satellite cells | Dargelos et al., 2010 [46] |
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Inhibition of the level of ceramide | Cichorium intybus (Cii) | 5, 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL | C2C12 myoblast | Lee et al., 2013 [45] |
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Suppression or mitigation of the increases in plasma CPK, AST, ALT, and MDA levels after downhill running | Camellia sinensis | 0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running | Mice | Haramizu et al., 2013 [20] |
Chlorella (only CPK) | 1% Chlorella-supplemented diet (CSD group) | Transgenic mice | Nakashima et al., 2014 [47] |
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Reduction of the levels of carbonylated protein | Camellia sinensis | 0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running | Mice | Haramizu et al., 2013 [20] |
Curcuma longa | 20–40 μg kg−1 of curcumin | Wistar rats () | Vitadello et al., 2014 [43] |
Camellia sinensis | GTE (50 mg/kg body weight) | Sixty male rats | Alway et al., 2015 [48] |
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Attenuation of hydrogen peroxide concentration | Curcuma longa | 3 mg | Male C57BL/6 mice | Kawanishi et al., 2013 [49] |
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Attenuation of NADPH-oxidase mRNA expression | Curcuma longa | 3 mg | Male C57BL/6 mice | Kawanishi et al., 2013 [49] |
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Attenuation of F4/80 mRNA expression | Curcuma longa | 3 mg | Male C57BL/6 mice | Kawanishi et al., 2013 [49] |
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Counteraction of the increase of BiP, ATF4, XBP1u, and XBP1s mRNA | Camellia sinensis | Green tea extract (0.5% w/vol) | Twelve-week-old female C57BL/6J mice | Rodriguez et al., 2014 [50] |
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Increase in the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate | Korean mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. coloratum) | 6 µg/mL | L6 cells and C2C12 cells, mice | Jung et al., 2012 [38] |
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Increase of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator- (PGC-) 1α and SIRT-1 | Korean mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. coloratum) | 6 µg/mL | L6 cells and C2C12 cells, mice | Jung et al., 2012 [38] |
Vitis vinifera | 0.05% trans-resveratrol for 10 months | Middle-aged (18 months) C57/BL6 mice | Jackson et al., 2011 [51] |
Glycine max | 100 µM | C2C12 myotubes | Hirasaka et al., 2013 [11] |
Vitis vinifera | 125 mg/kg/day | Thirty-six male rats | Bennett et al., 2013 [52] |
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Decrease of PGC-1α expression | Go-sha-jinki-Gan (GJG) (only PGC-1α) | 4% (w/w) | Male SAMP8, SAMR1 mice | Kishida et al., 2015 [28] |
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Decrease of BUN | Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. | 400 mg/kg BW for 21 days | BALB/c mice | Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39] |
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit | 0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days | Male ICR mice | Wang et al., 2012 [32] |
Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT) | 5, 10, and 20 mL/kg body weight for 28 days | 32 male mice | Li et al., 2013 [40] |
Acanthopanax senticosus | 500 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg; 280 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg; 70 mg/kg or 280 mg/kg | Five-week-old male ICR mice | Huang et al., 2011 [42] |
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (WS) | 750 mg/day × 10 days; 1000 mg/day × 10 days; 1250 mg/day × 10 days | Eighteen apparently healthy volunteers | Raut et al., 2012 [36] |
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Increase of SOD and catalase | Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d | BALB/c mice | Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39] |
Panax ginseng (only SOD) | 10 mg/kg | Rat | Tan et al., 2013 [41] |
Salvia officinalis (SOD and GSHPx) | 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW | 50 rats |
JiPing, 2011 [37] |
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Upregulation of GLUT-4 and AMPK-1α | Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d | BALB/c mice | Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39] |
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Decrease in SUN levels | Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL) | 40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg | Five-week-old male | Chen et al., 2013 [21] |
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Increase of Grp94 protein | Curcuma longa | 20–40 μg kg−1 of curcumin | Wistar rats () | Vitadello et al., 2014 [43] |
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Decrease in myostatin and β-galactosidase | Camellia sinensis | 1 mg/kg b.i.d. | Young and old C57BL/6 male mice | Gutierrez-Salmean et al., 2014 [53] |
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Increase in the ratio of plasma follistatin/myostatin | Camellia sinensis | 25 mg of pure Epi (~1 mg/kg/day) | Human subjects () | Gutierrez-Salmean et al., 2014 [53] |
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Decrease in cross-sectional area (CSA) | Eriobotrya japonica | 50 mg/kg/day | Young (5-month-old) and aged (18-19-month-old) rats | Sung et al., 2015 [35] |
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