The Effects of Yoga on Pain, Mobility, and Quality of Life in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies in this review.

(a)

Study	Study design	Number of Participants	Analyzed number of participants	Duration of KOA (yrs)	Age of the participants; (mean ± SD)	Gender (F/M)
Ebnezar et al., 2012 [16]	RCT	= 125/125	= 118/117	<1 yr/1-2 yrs/>2 yrs = 121/79/50	= 59.56 ± 9.54/59.42 ± 10.66	174/76
Ebnezar et al., 2012 [17]	RCT	= 125/125	= 118/117	<1 yr/1-2 yrs/>2 yrs = 121/79/50	= 59.56 ± 8.18/59.42 ± 10.66	174/76
Ebnezar and Yogitha, 2012 [18]	RCT	= 125/125	= 118/117	Unclear	= 59.6 ± 8.2/59.4 ± 10.7	Unclear
Cheung et al., 2014 [19]	RCT	= 18/18	= 18/18	At least 6 months	= 71.9 ± 2.7/71.9 ± 3.1	All females
Kolasinski et al., 2005 [20]	Single group pre-post study	= 11	= 7	At least 6 months	= 58.6 ± 8.6	All females
Brenneman et al., 2015 [21]	Single group pre-post study	= 45	= 39	Unclear	= 60.3 ± 6.5	All females
Ebnezar et al., 2012 [22]	RCT	= 125/125	= 118/117	<1 yr/1-2 yrs/>2 yrs = 121/79/50	= 59.6 ± 8.2/59.4 ± 10.7	174/76
Nambi and Shah, 2013 [23]	RCT	= 15/15	= 15/15	At least 6 months	= 52 ± 5/54 ± 4	13/17
Ghasemi et al., 2013 [24]	Quasi-RCT	= 15/15	= 11/14	Unclear	= 51 ± 8.9/53.11 ± 10.9	All females

(b)

Study	Comparison Intervention	Intervention of control group	Intervention of yoga group	Yoga therapy practice	Main outcomes	Time point
Ebnezar et al., 2012 [16]	Yoga + PT versus PT	PT (20 minutes/day/2 weeks); Practices (40 minutes/day); Home practice (12 weeks); Compliance (once/3 days); Weekly review (once/week/12 weeks)	PT (20 minutes/day/2 weeks); Integrated yoga therapy (40 minutes/day/2 weeks); Integrated yoga therapy (40 minutes/day/10 weeks)	Yogic sukshma vyayamas; Relaxation techniques; Asanas (physical postures); Pranayama; Meditation; Lectures and counseling	Walking pain; Walking time (50 m); WOMAC; Sign: active range of movements; Sign: tenderness; Sign: swelling; Sign: crepitus	14 weeks
Ebnezar et al., 2012 [17]	Yoga + PT versus PT	PT (20 minutes/day/2 weeks); Practices (40 minutes/day; 6 days/week); Home practice (12 weeks); Compliance (once/3 days); Weekly review (once/week/12 weeks)	PT (20 minutes/day/2 weeks); Integrated yoga therapy (40 minutes/day/2 weeks); Integrated yoga therapy (40 minutes/day/10 weeks)	Yogic sukshma vyayamas; Relaxation techniques; Asanas (physical postures); Pranayama; Meditation; Lectures and counseling	QOL (SF-36)	14 weeks
Ebnezar and Yogitha, 2012 [18]	Yoga + PT versus PT	PT (20 minutes/day/2 weeks); Practices (40 minutes/day); Home practice (12 weeks); Compliance (once/3 days); Weekly review (once/week/12 weeks)	PT (20 minutes/day/2 weeks); Integrated yoga therapy (40 minutes/day/2 weeks); Integrated yoga therapy (40 minutes/day/10 weeks)	Yogic sukshma vyayamas; Relaxation techniques; Asanas (physical postures); Pranayama; Meditation; Lectures and counseling	Walking pain; WOMAC; Sign: tenderness; Sign: early morning stiffness	14 weeks
Cheung et al., 2014 [19]	Yoga versus Usual care (8 weeks); Preyoga intervention versus postyoga intervention (8 weeks–20 weeks)	Another program (8 weeks); Hatha yoga intervention (8–20 weeks)	Hatha yoga (60 minutes/week/8 weeks); Home practice yoga (30 minutes/time; 4 times/week)	Asanas; Pranas; Meditation	WOMAC; SPPB; PSQI; QOL (SF-12 & Cantril Self-Anchoring Ladder)	20 weeks
Kolasinski et al., 2005 [20]	Yoga versus control (no specific exercise)		Modified Iyengar yoga (90-minute classes/week/8 weeks)	Asanas	WOMAC; AIMS2; GA; Psychological subsets; Physician Global Assessment; 50-foot walk time	8 weeks
Brenneman et al., 2015 [21]	Yoga versus control (no specific exercise)		Yoga (60 minutes/sessions/3 sessions/week/12 weeks)	Unclear	VAS; KOOS; Fitness and peak KAM; Strength; Mobility performance	12 weeks
Ebnezar et al., 2012 [22]	Yoga + PT versus PT	PT (20 minutes/day/2 weeks); Practices (40 minutes/day); Home practice (12 weeks); Compliance (once/3 days); Weekly review (once/week/12 weeks)	PT (20 minutes/day/2 weeks); Integrated yoga therapy (40 minutes/day/2 weeks); Integrated yoga therapy (40 minutes/day/10 weeks)	Yogic sukshma vyayamas; Relaxation techniques; Asanas (physical postures); Pranayama; Meditation; Lectures and Counseling	Anxiety scores; Resting pain; Sign: early morning stiffness	14 weeks
Nambi and Shah, 2013 [23]	Yoga + EMG biofeedback + Knee strengthening exercise + TENS versus EMG biofeedback + Knee strengthening exercise + TENS	EMG biofeedback (3 times/week/8 weeks); Knee strengthening exercise (3 times/week/8 weeks); TENS (20 minutes/time/3 times/week)	Iyengar yoga (90 minutes/session, 3 times/week/8 weeks); EMG biofeedback (3 times/week/8 weeks); Knee strengthening exercise (3 times/week/8 weeks); TENS (20 minutes/time/3 times/week)	Asanas	VAS; WOMAC	8 weeks
Ghasemi et al., 2013 [24]	Yoga versus ordinary daily activities	Ordinary daily activities	Hatha yoga (60 minutes/session, 3 times/week/8 weeks)	Asana (movement); Pranayama (breathing); Meditation (relaxation)	VAS; KOOS	8 weeks

WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (lower scores = better state); SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery (higher scores = better state); QOS: quality of sleep; QOL: quality of life; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (lower scores = better state); SF-12: Health Related Short Form 12 (higher scores = better state); PCS: physical component summary; MCS: mental component summary; Cantril current and 5 years (higher scores = better state); AIMS2: Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2; GA: Global Assessment; ADL: Activities of Daily Life; VAS: Visual Analog Scale; KOOS: Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scale; KAM: knee adduction moment; PT: physiotherapy; EMG: electromyography.