GGT was more effective given before than after viral inoculation (); viral attachment ↓; viral internalization ↓; in A549 cells: IC50 was 8.8 μg/mL (2 h before); IC50 was 27.1 μg/mL (1 h before); IC50 was 184.7 μg/mL (1 h after); the immune-modulatory effect: IFN-β ↑; GGT will not increase TNF-α secretion, but rather inhibit TNF-α secretion in HEp-2 cells
Viral attachment ↓; RSV internalization ↓; lung lesions and complication ↓; inhibiting the expression of ICAM1; in A549 cells: the JYT group: CC50: 1373.37 ± 2.8 μg/mL, IC50: 97.0 μg/mL; the ribavirin group: CC50: 579.47 ± 7.4 μg/mL; the IC50 value of ribavirin was similar; JYD could inhibit RSV infection in all three modes of treatment but was more effective in the simultaneous and posttreatment modes ()
IC50 is the concentration of the sample required to inhibit virus-induced CPE 50%; CC50 is the concentration of the 50% cytotoxic effect; selective index (SI) or therapeutic index (TI): CC50/IC50; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; IL: interleukin; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IFN-β: interferon β; TLR4 inhibitor: toll-like receptor 4; A549: human lung carcinoma cell; HEp-2: human larynx epidermoid carcinoma cell; ICAM-1: intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1.
(b)
Names
Composition
Mechanisms and results
References
Plant or mineral
Weight (g)
Used part
Liu He Tang (LHT)
Agastache rugosa
2.0
Whole plant
LHT was more effective when given before viral inoculation (); viral attachment () ↓; RSV internalization () ↓; CC50: 3000 μg/mL; IC50: 34.2–82.8 μg/mL; IC50 value of ribavirin was similar; LHT stimulated epithelial cells to secrete IFN-β and TNF-α to counteract HRSV infection before infection becomes established
Hot water extract of XQLT dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced plaque formation when given before viral inoculation (); viral attachment ↓ (); RSV internalization ↓ (); CC50: 300 μg/mL; IC50: 34.2–82.8 μg/mL; IC50 value of ribavirin was similar; in A549 cells: IC50 was 22.6 μg/mL (2 h before); IC50 was 50.4 μg/mL (1 h before); IC50 was 128.1 μg/mL (1 h after); secreting IFN-β ↑ before and after viral inoculation to counteract viral infection ()
IC50 is the concentration of the sample required to inhibit virus-induced CPE 50%; CC50 is the concentration of the 50% cytotoxic effect; selective index (SI) or therapeutic index (TI): CC50/IC50; IFN-β: interferon β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; A549: human lung carcinoma cell.
