Recent Advances and Perspective of Studies on Phlegm Syndrome in Chinese Medicine

Table 1

Differential metabolites associated with phlegm syndrome.

Comparisons	Sample	Increased differential metabolites	Decreased differential metabolites
Essential hypertension patients with phlegm-heat syndrome versus healthy control [2]	Serum	Low-density lipoprotein; Very low-density lipoprotein; N-Acetyl glycoprotein; O-Acetyl glycoprotein; Lipids	High-density lipoprotein; Phosphatidylcholine; Lactate; Alanine; Choline/phosphocholine; Phosphorylcholine; Glucose; 3-Hydroxybutyrate; Citrate; Glutamine
Coronary heart disease patients with phlegm from blood stasis syndrome versus healthy control [3]	Plasma	L-Leucine; Uric acid; L-Phenylalanine; L-Tryptophan; Ubiquinone; 17,20-Dimethyl prostaglandin; Isoquinoline N-oxide; PGH2-EA; Stearamide; Deoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide; Octadecyl fumarate	Ubiquinone; N-Palmitoyl taurine; N-Oleoyl taurine; Deoxycholic acid disulfate; L-Tyrosine; Uridine; Itaconic acid; Deoxyuridine monophosphate; Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester
Neoplasm patients with phlegm-stasis syndrome versus healthy control [4]	Plasma	Very low-density lipoprotein; Low-density lipoprotein; Unsaturated lipid; Formate; Acetone; Acetate; Acetoacetate; Pyruvate; -Hydroxybutyrate; Carnitine; Malonic acid	Leucine; Isoleucine; Valine; Alanine; Tyrosine; Histidine; Citrulline; Glycoprotein; Glutamine; Myoinositol; Scyllo-inositol; Creatine; α-Glucose; β-Glucose and lactate
Acute cerebral infarction patients with dampness-phlegm syndrome versus non-dampness-phlegm syndrome [5]	Plasma		Lysophosphatidylcholines (18:2); Lysophosphatidylcholines (20:3)
Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis patients with phlegm-blood stasis syndrome versus non-phlegm-blood stasis syndromes [6]	Plasma	Urine; Isoleucine; Glucuronic acid; Palmitic acid	Glycerol