| In vivo study | Female Wistar rats (220–250 g weight), DSW 600 (41 mL/day), DSW 1200 (39 mL/day), 1 week | Reduced ulcer area as well as apoptotic signalling in acetic acid-induced duodenal ulcers.
DSW influenced oxidative stress genes expression.
Upregulated antioxidant and antiapoptotic genes and downregulated proapoptotic gene expression by DSW of hardness 600 and 1200, respectively. | Increased pH value, scavenging H2O2, and HOCl activity and reduced ORP value.
Enhanced Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 expression.
DSW1200 activated the expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 (Fmo2), Gpx1, Gpx5, Gpx6, glutathione reductase (Gsr), nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible (Nos2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1), some antioxidant-related genes, peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4), and selenoprotein P plasma 1 (Sepp1).
DSW600 and DSW1200 upregulated Txnrd1 and Bcl-2 and downregulated Bax, caspase 3, and PARP in duodenal cells.
DSW 600 upregulated expression of apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 1 (Aifm1), DNA-damage-inducible, alpha (Gadd45a), myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl 1), and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (Xiap).
DSW 600 downregulated expression of apoptosis inhibitor 5 BCL2-associated athanogene (Api5), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector b (Ciedb), cytochrome c, and somatic (Cycs),
Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6), growth arrest and mitogen activated protein kinase 1 (Mapk1), PYD and CARD domain containing (Pycard).
DSW 1200 upregulated expression of Fas, Gadd45a, and Mcl1.
DSW 1200 downregulated expression of Aifm1, Api5, Bag1, Cideb, Cycs, and Pycard. | [36] |
