Potential Health Benefits of Deep Sea Water: A Review

Table 16

Effects of deep sea water on osteoporosis.

Type of study model	Experimental method [subject (age/weight), treatment dosage, duration of treatment]	Major activity	Reference
In vitro study	Osteoblastic cell (MC3T3), DSW 50, 1000, and 2000 hardness, 3 days	Increased cells proliferation.	[43]
In vitro study	Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), DSW 1000 hardness, 3 days	Enhanced colony forming abilities.	[43]
In vivo study	Ovariectomized (OVX) SAMP8 mice (4 months), DSW 1000 hardness, 5.2 mL/day, 4 months	Enhanced bone mineral density.; Increased trabecular numbers through micro-CT examination.; Decreased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP).; Increased osteogenic differentiation markers such as BMP2, RUNX2, OPN, and OCN.	[43]