Potential Health Benefits of Deep Sea Water: A Review
Table 18
Effects of functional deep sea water with other substances.
Type of study model
Experimental method [subject (age/weight), treatment dosage, duration of treatment]
Major activity
Mechanism of action
Reference
In vivo study
Outbred albino female ICR mice (20–26 g), yogurt containing DSW, 10.3 g hardness of CaCO3/L, 8 weeks
Increased populations of intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Decreased the activity of serum AST and ALT. Reduced TC, TC to HDL-C ratio, TAG, and HDL-C in serum.
HFD-induced obesity ICR (4 weeks), DSW, and DSW + 125 mg/kg SIE (DSS), ad libitum, treated with SIE once per day for 8 weeks
Reduced body weights in the DSW group by 3.95% and in the DSS group by 8.42%, respectively. Decreased plasma glucose levels in the DSW group by 14.9% and in the DSS group by 36.4%, respectively. Decreased serum levels of glucose, TAG, and leptin. Decreased insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) values for the DSS-treated group by 38.2%.
Decreased size of the epididymal white, retroperitoneal white, and scapular brown adipose tissue. Increased levels of phosphorylated AMPK and its substrate and ACC in mice epididymal adipose tissues. Upregulated the expression levels of lipolysis-associated mRNA, PPAR-α, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), and energy expenditure-associated mRNA and UCP2 and CPT1 epididymal adipose tissues. Suppressed the expression of SREBP1 at the mRNA level.
Green tea leaves were soaked in desalinated DSW at 75°C for 10 min
Increased antioxidant activity.
Increased 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities by 83.98% and increased reducing power by 15%. Increased nitrite scavenging activity from to %. Increased amounts of catechins and caffeine.
