A 70% Ethanol Extract of Mistletoe Rich in Betulin, Betulinic Acid, and Oleanolic Acid Potentiated β-Cell Function and Mass and Enhanced Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity
Table 2
Metabolic changes at the end of 8-week treatment.
Control ()
KME-W ()
KME-E ()
Normal-control ()
Body weight (g)
337 ± 31
342 ± 32
358 ± 34
407 ± 37
Epididymal fat pads (g)
4.2 ± 0.6
3.3 ± 0.6
3.6 ± 0.5
5.9 ± 0.8
Relative epididymal fat pad (g/kg bw)
12.4 ± 1.7
9.6 ± 1.4
10.1 ± 1.6
14.5 ± 1.9
Caloric intakes (kcal/day)
128 ± 16
118 ± 14
117 ± 15
101 ± 14
Energy expenditure (kcal/kg0.75/day)
92.1 ± 12.1
97.9 ± 12.1
92.7 ± 11.6
94.3 ± 11.6
Carbohydrate oxidation (mg/kg0.75/min)
3.9 ± 0.5
3.7 ± 0.5
3.4 ± 0.4
4.2 ± 0.5
Fat oxidation (mg/kg0.75/min)
5.9 ± 0.8
6.8 ± 0.8
6.5 ± 0.7
5.8 ± 0.7
Overnight fasted serum leptin levels (ng/mL)
5.5 ± 0.8
4.4 ± 0.7
4.2 ± 0.8
6.5 ± 0.9
Overnight fasted serum glucose (mmol/L)
8.0 ± 1.0
7.5 ± 0.9
6.6 ± 0.8
5.4 ± 0.6
Overnight fasted serum insulin (ng/mL)
0.82 ± 0.14
0.88 ± 0.15
1.07 ± 0.19
1.14 ± 0.20
Serum AST (IU/L)
130 ± 13.0
112 ± 12
118 ± 13
125 ± 13
Serum ALT (IU/L)
45 ± 4.8
36.4 ± 4.2
38.4 ± 4.4
44.2 ± 4.6
Values are mean ± SD. Diabetic Px rats were fed with high-fat diets supplementing (1) 0.6% water extract of Korean mistletoe (KMW-W), (2) 0.6% of 70% ethanol extract (KME-E), or (3) 0.6% dextrose (Control). Sham-operated rats were provided with a high-fat diet containing 0.6% dextrose as a normal-control. Values in the same row with different superscripts were significantly different in Tukey test at .
