Modulatory Effect of Betulinic Acid on the Genotoxicity Induced by Different Mutagens in V79 Cells
Table 2
Frequency of micronuclei (MN), nuclear division index (NDI), percent reduction, and increase in DNA damage obtained for V79 cultures treated with betulinic acid combined with different mutagens and the respective controls.
Treatment (μM)
MN frequency (mean ± SD)
NDI (mean ± SD)
Control
4.34 ± 0.58
1.69 ± 0.01
DMSO
3.67 ± 2.58
1.69 ± 0.03
MMS
42.33 ± 3.05
1.72 ± 0.02
DMSO + MMS
44.34 ± 7.63
1.74 ± 0.01
2.7 + MMS
36.34 ± 1.52
1.75 ± 0.07
5.5 + MMS
30.33 ± 1.52
1.73 ± 0.05
11 + MMS
39.00 ± 2.64
1.70 ± 0.02
22 + MMS
37.00 ± 4.58
1.66 ± 0.09
DXR
24.00 ± 4.58
1.68 ± 0.04
DMSO + DXR
30.67 ± 4.72
1.73 ± 0.05
2.7 + DXR
47.33 ± 6.35
1.75 ± 0.02
5.5 + DXR
116.67 ± 16.77
1.70 ± 0.03
11 + DXR
47.34 ± 5.50
1.70 ± 0.08
22 + DXR
66.67 ± 14.20
1.69 ± 0.03
CPT
89.00 ± 6.24
1.64 ± 0.02
DMSO + CPT
73.00 ± 1.00
1.65 ± 0.01
2.7 + CPT
93.67 ± 3.05
1.67 ± 0.01
5.5 + CPT
93.34 ± 3.05
1.65 ± 0.02
11 + CPT
71.00 ± 6.24
1.63 ± 0.02
22 + CPT
84.00 ± 16.37
1.51 ± 0.01
VP-16
42.66 ± 1.52
1.71 ± 0.04
DMSO + VP-16
38.33 ± 7.02
1.78 ± 0.02
2.7 + VP-16
60.33 ± 1.52
1.73 ± 0.01
5.5 + VP-16
62.66 ± 3.50
1.69 ± 0.03
11 + VP-16
53.66 ± 4.72
1.69 ± 0.03
22 + VP-16
61.33 ± 13.57
1.73 ± 0.02
DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide (0.3 µM), MMS: methyl methanesulfonate (400 µM), DXR: doxorubicin (0.3 µM), CPT: (S)-(+)-camptothecin (123.4 µM), VP-16: etoposide (1.7 µM). A total of 3,000 binucleated cells were analyzed per treatment group. A total of 1,500 cells were analyzed per treatment group. Significantly different from the negative control group (). Significantly different from the MMS group. Significantly different from the DXR group. Significantly different from the VP-16 group.
