/ / / Tab 2

Review Article

Therapeutic Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Spinal Cord Injury: A Promising Supplementary Treatment in Future

Table 2

Sources, major components, dosage form, and mechanisms of five Chinese herbs in SCI treatment.


Name	Picture	Source	Major components	Dosage form	Mechanism

Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma)		Dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. in genus Salvia of mint family	Hydrophilic depsides derivatives (danshensu, salvianolic acids A–C, E–G, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, etc.) and lipophilic diterpenoids (tanshinones Ι, , and , tanshinol A, tanshindiols A, B, etc.)	() Herb extract () Chinese medicine injection	() Hemorheology change (blood flow, platelet aggregation, TXA₂, ηb, Fib, and RAI) () Antioxidant (MDA, SOD, and NO) () Anti-inflammatory (NF-κB) () Neuroprotective effect (GDNF, ChAT, synapsin Ι, syt Ι, and MBP) () Antiapoptosis (apoptotic cell index, iNOS expression)

Ginkgo (Ginkgo Folium)		Leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. in Ginkgoaceae	Terpenoids trilactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, and J and bilobalide), flavonoid glycosides (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin), polyphenols, allyl phenols, organic acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids, inorganic salts, and amino acids	() Extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb) () Active constituents: ginkgolides A and B	EGb: () Antioxidant (SOD, MDA, and NO) () Antiapoptosis (iNOS, ratio of apoptotic cells, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax) Ginkgolides A and B: () Antiapoptosis (Bcl-2/Bax ratio, caspase-3, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway) () Neuroprotective effect (ED-1 positive cells, S100β-positive cells, GFAP-positive cells, and MBP-positive cells)

Ginseng (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma)		Dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. in genus Panax of Araliaceae family	Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rg₁, Rg₃, Re, Rd, etc.)	() Herb extract () Chinese medicine injection	() Antioxidant (SOD, GSH, MDA, Ca²⁺ influx, and NSE) () Antiapoptosis (apoptotic cells numbers, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3)

Notoginseng (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma)		Dried root and rhizome of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen in Araliaceae	Ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rb₁, Rd, Rg₁, and Re), notoginsenosides (notoginsenoside R₁), flavonoids, volatile oils, amino acids, and polysaccharide	Herb extract: Panax notoginseng Saponins (PNS)	() Anti-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) () Neuroprotective effect (AQP4, GFAP) () Antiapoptosis (Fas, FasL)

Astragali Radix		Dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.	Polysaccharides (APS), triterpene saponins (astragalosides I–IV, AST I–IV), flavonoids, amino acids, alkaloids, and trace elements	Astragali Radix injection	() Antioxidant (SOD, MDA) () Neuroprotective effect (GFAP)

We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions.