| | Name | Picture | Source | Major components | Dosage form | Mechanism |
| | Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) | | Dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. in genus Salvia of mint family | Hydrophilic depsides derivatives (danshensu, salvianolic acids A–C, E–G, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, etc.) and lipophilic diterpenoids (tanshinones Ι, , and , tanshinol A, tanshindiols A, B, etc.) | () Herb extract
() Chinese medicine injection | () Hemorheology change (blood flow, platelet aggregation, TXA2, ηb, Fib, and RAI)
() Antioxidant (MDA, SOD, and NO)
() Anti-inflammatory (NF-κB)
() Neuroprotective effect (GDNF, ChAT, synapsin Ι, syt Ι, and MBP)
() Antiapoptosis (apoptotic cell index, iNOS expression) |
| | Ginkgo (Ginkgo Folium) | | Leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. in Ginkgoaceae | Terpenoids trilactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, and J and bilobalide), flavonoid glycosides (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin), polyphenols, allyl phenols, organic acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids, inorganic salts, and amino acids | () Extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb)
() Active constituents: ginkgolides A and B | EGb:
() Antioxidant (SOD, MDA, and NO)
() Antiapoptosis (iNOS, ratio of apoptotic cells, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax)
Ginkgolides A and B:
() Antiapoptosis (Bcl-2/Bax ratio, caspase-3, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway)
() Neuroprotective effect (ED-1 positive cells, S100β-positive cells, GFAP-positive cells, and MBP-positive cells) |
| | Ginseng (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) | | Dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. in genus Panax of Araliaceae family | Ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Re, Rd, etc.) | () Herb extract
() Chinese medicine injection | () Antioxidant (SOD, GSH, MDA, Ca2+ influx, and NSE)
() Antiapoptosis (apoptotic cells numbers, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3) |
| | Notoginseng (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma) | | Dried root and rhizome of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen in Araliaceae | Ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, Rg1, and Re), notoginsenosides (notoginsenoside R1), flavonoids, volatile oils, amino acids, and polysaccharide | Herb extract: Panax notoginseng Saponins (PNS) | () Anti-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10)
() Neuroprotective effect (AQP4, GFAP)
() Antiapoptosis (Fas, FasL) |
| | Astragali Radix | | Dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. | Polysaccharides (APS), triterpene saponins (astragalosides I–IV, AST I–IV), flavonoids, amino acids, alkaloids, and trace elements | Astragali Radix injection | () Antioxidant (SOD, MDA)
() Neuroprotective effect (GFAP) |
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