Therapeutic Effects of Chinese Medicine Herb Pair, Huzhang and Guizhi, on Monosodium Urate Crystal-Induced Gouty Arthritis in Rats Revealed by Anti-Inflammatory Assessments and NMR-Based Metabonomics

Table 1

Identification of significantly differential endogenous metabolites associated with gouty arthritis in rat plasma and urine.

Metabolite	Chemical shift (δ)	VIP	FC	Control	HG
Plasma
Leucine	0.96 (t)	1.6	1.20	↓	↓
Lysine	1.46 (m), 1.90 (m), 3.02 (m)	1.2	1.34	↓	↓
Lactate	1.33 (d), 4.12 (q)	3.1	1.15	↓	↓
Glutamine	2.45 (m), 3.77 (m)	1.5	1.14	↓	↓
β-Glucose	3.25 (dd), 4.65 (d)	4.5	0.64	↑	↑
Urine
Pyruvate	2.38 (s)	1.3	1.19	↓	↓
Succinate	2.41 (s)	1.3	1.26	↓	↓
2-Oxoglutarate	2.45 (t), 3.02 (t)	1.7	1.30	↓	↓
Citrate	2.55 (d), 2.68 (d)	1.6	1.21	↓	↓
Trimethylamine N-oxide	3.28 (s)	2.1	0.78	↑	-
Hippurate	3.98 (d), 7.56 (t), 7.64 (t), 7.84 (d)	2.4	0.64	↑	↑

Letters in parentheses indicate the peak multiplicities: s: singlet; d: doublet; t: triplet; q: quartet; m: multiplet.
VIP was obtained from OPLS-DA model (Figure 6).
Fold change (FC) was calculated as the ratio of the mean metabolite levels between model and control groups. FC with a value >1 indicates a relatively higher concentration while a value <1 means a relatively lower concentration present in model group as compared to the controls.
Compared to model group, ↑ indicates relative increase in signal while ↓ indicates relative decrease in signal. and represent and , respectively, whereas - denotes no statistically significant difference.