Evaluation of the Effects of Pinus koraiensis Needle Extracts on Serum Lipid and Oxidative Stress in Adults with Borderline Dyslipidemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Table 2

Blood lipid profiles before and after intervention, by treatment group.

	Placebo ()		PKE ()
	Before	After	Before	After
Aspartic acid transaminase (U/L)
Alanine transaminase (U/L)
γ-glutamyl transferase (U/L)
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
Free-fatty acid (μEq/L)
Glucose (mg/dL)
Insulin (μIU/mL)
QUICKI

Data are mean ± SE.
VLDL-cholesterol calculation: triglyceride/5.
QUICKI: quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index: 1/[log (fasting insulin) + log (fasting glucose, mg/dL)].
Significant difference between the two groups by Student’s -test at .
Significant difference within groups by paired -test at and .