Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Interactions Involving African Herbs Indicated for Common Noncommunicable Diseases

Table 1

Common African herbs that modulate CYP and P-gp activity.

Botanical name	Common name	Bioactive compound	Indication	Target	Probe drug	Effect	Study	References
Acacia nilotica	Gum Arabic	Acanilol A, acanilol B, kaempferol	Diabetes	P-gp	Cyclosporin A	Synergism	In vitro	[57–59]
Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. Schum	Alligator pepper	Humulene, saryophyllene	Diabetes	CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7	Ketoconazole	Synergism	In vitro	[60, 61]
Bixa orellana	Lipstick tree	Bixin	Diabetes	CYP1A1/2, CYP2B1/2, CYP3A	Pentoxyresorufin, Benzyloxyresorufin	Antagonism	In vitro	[62, 63]
Capsicum annuum	Red chilli pepper	Capsaicin	Hypertension	P-gp	Daunorubicin,; Rhodamine-123	Synergism	In vitro	[64]
Carica papaya	Pawpaw	Carpain, alkaloids, terpenes, flavanols	Diabetes	P-gp,	Digoxin, amiodarone	Synergism	In vivo, in vitro	[65–67]
Catha edulis	Khat	Cathinones	Diabetes	CYP2D6	Dextromethorphan	Synergism	In vitro/in vivo (human)	[68, 69]
Centella asiatica	Centella	Triterpenes, asiatic acid	Hypertension	CYP2C9, CYP3A4	Tolbutamide	Synergism	In vitro	[70, 71]
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle	Lime	Imperatorin, kaempferol, myricetin, β- sitosterol	Diabetes	CYP 2B6	Bupropion	Synergism	In vitro	[72, 73]
Citrus aurantium L.	Sour orange	Methoxyflavones	Diabetes	Intestinal CYP3A4, P-gp	Felodipine; Vinblastine	Synergism	In vivo (human)	[74, 75]
		Auraptene, nobiletin	Cancer	P-gp	Daunorubicin	Synergism	In vitro	[76]
Corchorus olitorius	Long fruited jute	3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid	Diabetes	CYP3A4	Ketoconazole	Synergism	In vitro	[60, 77]
Curcuma longa	Turmeric	Curcumin	Diabetes	CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6, CYP2B6	Pioglitazone, caffeine, daunorubicin	Synergism/antagonism on CYP2A6	In vitro, in vivo (human)	[78–81]
Ipomea batatas	Sweet potato	6-O-caffeoylsophorose, 4-ipomeanol acylated cyanidin, peonidin	Diabetes	P-gp	Rhodamine-123	Synergism	In vitro	[82]
Jatropha curcas L.	Purging nut	Coumarins, Jatrophalactam, Jatrogrossidione derivatives	Diabetes	CYP3A4, CYP3A7	Ketoconazole	Synergism	In vitro	[60, 83]
Morinda lucida Benth.	Brimstone tree	Anthraquinones	Diabetes	P-gp	Digoxin	Synergism	In vitro	[65, 84]
Murraya koenigii (L.)Spreng.	Sweet neem	Girinimbine, mahanimbilol, koenimbine, Xanthotoxin	Diabetes	CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4	Ketoconazole, quinidine, sulfaphenazole, α-naphthoflavone	Synergism	In vitro	[85–87]
Persea americana Mill.	Avocado pear	Caryophyllene oxide, α- and β-pinene, caryophyllene	Diabetes	CYP 3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7	Ketoconazole	Synergism	In vitro	[60, 88]
Sesamum indicum	Sesame	Sesamin	Dietary nutrient	P-gp (MDR1)	Daunorubicin	Synergism	In vitro	[89]
Vernonia amygdalina	Bitter leaf	Sesquiterpene lactones, steroidal glycosides	Diabetes	P-gp	Digoxin	Synergism	In vitro	[65, 90]