Fraxinus: A Plant with Versatile Pharmacological and Biological Activities

Figure 3

A diagram representing the molecular targets and mechanism of action for Fraxinus plant resulting in chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. Fraxinus plant and its isolated compounds cause effective inhibition of protein kinase B, nuclear factor-κB, regulator of antioxidant metabolizing enzymes (Nrf-2), extracellular signal transducers (ERK), and modulation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) followed by activity modulation of various apoptosis related factors, inducible enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and cytokines which are associated with proliferation, inflammation, and other pathological conditions.