Fraxinus: A Plant with Versatile Pharmacological and Biological Activities

Table 1

Compounds isolated from various species of Fraxinus plant and their biological activities.

Plant species	Isolated compounds	Parts used	Biological activities	References
Fraxinus angustifolia	Tannic acid, catechin quercetin, rutin	Bark, leaves	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing potential	[31]
Fraxinus excelsior	Nuzhenide, GI3, GI5, ligstroside, oleoside 11-methyl ester, 1′′′-O-beta-D-glucosylformoside, excelsides A, excelsides B, oleoside dimethyl ester, coumarins	Seeds	Antihypertensive, antihypertriglyceridemia, adipocyte differentiation inhibitory activity, antidiabetic, antihyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic	[32–35]
Fraxinus rhynchophylla C	Hydroxyframoside B 2′′-hydroxyoleuropein, oleuropein, ligstroside, syringin, esculin, fraxetin, fraxetin-8-O-[11′-methyl-oleosidyl-(7′→ 6′′)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside, esculetin	Stem bark, dried stem bark, root bark	Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, neuroprotective (protection against Abeta (25–35)-induced neuronal toxicity), antidyslipidemia, renoprotective, metal and free radical induced LDL oxidation inhibitor, antiatherosclerosis, antioxidant, PTP1B inhibitor, antitoxoplasmosis, glutamate-induced neuronal HT-22 cell death inhibition, hepatoprotective	[36–43]
Fraxinus griffithii	7-epi-7-O-(E)-caffeoylloganic acid, griffithosides C	Leaves	Antioxidative	[44]
Fraxinus sieboldiana	Abietane, C20-norabietane, 6, 7-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylesculetin, aromatic glycosides, plantasioside, Calceolarioside B, Esculetin	Stem bark	Anticarcinogenic cytotoxic activities against A549 and A2780 IC50 = 6.0 μM, 1.7 μM, protective against H5N1 avian influenza virus, inhibition against the discharge of -glucuronidase in platelet-activating factor induced polymorphonuclear rat leukocytes, antioxidative, TNF- secretion inhibitor (IC50 = 1.6 μM), inhibition against liver microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(+2)-cystine, anticancer against human colon cancer cell line (HCT-8) with IC50 = 3.4 μM, HIV inhibitor (IC50 = 0.1 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml)	[45–47]
Fraxinus chinensis	Esculin, esculetin, chinensisol	Twig skin, trunk bark	Antioxidant against DPPH radicals, antiphotoaging, quinone reductase (QR) inducing activity	[48, 49]
Fraxinus mandshurica	Calceolarioside A	Leaves	Immunosuppressant (inhibition of IL-2 and IgE production in mouse spleen cells and U266 cells)	[50]
Fraxinus dimorpha	(E)-Nerolidol, eugenol	Leaves	Antioxidant, antifungal (MIC = 1.8–3.8 mg/mL)	[51]
Fraxinus ornus	Esculin	Stem bark	Anti-inflammatory against zymosan- and carrageenan-induced paw oedema	[52]
Fraxinus bungeana	Esculetin, fraxetin		Analgesic, anti-inflammatory (superoxide scavenging effects on the xanthine-xanthine oxidase-cytochrome c system)	[53]