Fraxinus: A Plant with Versatile Pharmacological and Biological Activities

Table 3

Anti-inflammatory properties of Fraxinus plant against various disease models and its molecular targets.

Assay	Organism tested	Dose/conc.	Molecular targets	References
Anti-inflammatory effect of oleuropein on LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells	In vitro (BV-2 murine microglial cells)		ERK⊥, NF-κB⊥, LPS-induced Drp1 dephosphorylation⊥, ROS⊥	[58]
Protective effects of methanolic extract from F. xanthoxyloides leaves on inflammatory mediators	In vitro (LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, TNF- activated NF-kB in 293/NF-kB-Luc HEK cells), in vivo (rat)	5.98 μg/ml (Luc HEK cells), 6.59 μg/ml (RAW 264.7 cells), 200 mg/kg (in vivo)	TNF- induced production of NF-κB⊥, NO↓ (in vitro), IL-6↓, PGE2↓, TNF-α↓, LPS-instigated NO⊥ (in vivo)	[27]
Modulation of cytokine expression by 5-methoxyl aesculetin (MOA) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages	In vitro (RAW 264.7 cells)	25.32 μg/mL	TNF-α⊥, interleukin-6⊥, interleukin-1β⊥, ERK1/2⊥, p38 MAPK⊥, AP-1⊥, PGE2⊥, cyclooxygenase-2↓, TNF-α mRNA↓, nitric oxide (NO) synthase↓	[59]
Protective activities of methanolic extract of Fraxinus floribunda Wallich against inflammation	Wistar Albino rats, Swiss Albino mice	400 mg/kg/p.o.		[60]
Anti-inflammatory effects of Fraxinus excelsior during in vivo and in vitro studies	In vitro, in vivo		T-cell activation⊥, arachidonic acid cascade⊥	[61]