Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases

Table 3

Essential oil studies against S. aureus.

Essential		Species			Main	Reference
Abies balsamea (fir/balsam)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	β-Pinene (31.00%), bornyl acetate (14.90%), δ-3-carene (14.20%)	[99]
Abies holophylla (Manchurian fir)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	5% DMSO	21.80 mg/mL	Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol (28.05%), δ-3-carene (13.85%), α-pinene (11.68%), camphene (10.41%)	[111]
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)		>21.80 mg/mL
Abies koreana (Korean fir)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	5% DMSO	21.80 mg/mL	Bornyl ester (41.79%), camphene (15.31%), α-pinene (11.19%)
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)		>21.80 mg/mL
Achillea millefolium (yarrow)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 80	72.00 mg/mL	Eucalyptol (24.60%), camphor (16.70%), α-terpineol (10.20%)	[112]
Achillea setacea (bristly yarrow)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 80	4.50 mg/mL	Sabinene (10.80%), eucalyptol (18.50%)	[113]
Angelica archangelica (angelica), root	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	1.75 mg/mL	α-Phellandrene (18.50%), α-pinene (13.70%), β-phellandrene (12.60%), δ-3-carene (12.1%)	[99]
Angelica archangelica (angelica), seed				2.00 mg/mL	β-Phellandrene (59.20%)
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), flowers	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	DMSO	1.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (39.00%), terpinen-4-ol (32.10%)	[114]
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), aerial parts				0.50 mg/mL	α-Pinene (49.40%), terpinen-4-ol (21.80%)
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), leaves					Terpinen-4-ol (24.30%)
Anthemis nobilis (chamomile)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	16.00 mg/mL	2-Methylbutyl-2-methyl propanoic acid (31.50%), limonene (18.30%), 3-methylpentyl-2-butenoic acid (16.70%), isobutyl isobutyrate (10.00%)	[99]
Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	Estragole (82.60%)	[99]
Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle)	ADM	S. aureus (NCTC 4163)	Tween 20	0.05% v/v	Geranial (51.40%), neral (40.90%)	[115]
		MRSA (clinical isolate)		0.20% v/v
Boswellia carteri (frankincense) (9 samples)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	5.00–16.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (4.80–40.40%), myrcene (1.60–52.40%), limonene (1.90–20.40%), α-thujene (0.30–52.40%), p-cymene (2.70–16.90%), β-pinene (0.30–13.10%)	[116]
Boswellia frereana (frankincense) (3 samples)				4.00–12.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (2.00–64.70%), α-thujene (0.00–33.10%), p-cymene (5.40–16.90%)
Boswellia neglecta (frankincense)				6.00 mg/mL	NCR	[117]
					α-Pinene (43.40%), β-pinene (13.10%)	[116]
Boswellia papyrifera (frankincense)				1.50 mg/mL	NCR	[117]
Boswellia rivae (frankincense)				2.50 mg/mL
Boswellia sacra (frankincense) (2 samples)				4.00–8.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (18.30–28.00%), α-thujene (3.90–11.20%), limonene (11.20–13.10%)	[116]
Boswellia spp. (frankincense) (4 samples)				6.00–9.30 mg/mL	α-Pinene (18.80–24.20%), limonene (11.70–19.00%)
Boswellia thurifera (frankincense)				10.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (28.0%), limonene (14.6%)
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Bicyclosesquiphellandrene (19.50%), β-farnesene (13.90%)	[99]
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang), heads				4.00 mg/mL	Benzyl acetate (31.90%), linalool (27.00%), methyl benzoate (10.40%)
Canarium luzonicum (elemi)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	Limonene (41.90%), elemol (21.60%), α-phellandrene (11.40%)	[99]
Carum carvi (caraway)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Limonene (27.60%), carvone (67.50%)	[99]
		S. aureus	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	DL-limonene (53.35%), β-selinene (11.08%), β-elemene (10.09%)	[118]
Caryophyllus aromaticus (clove)	ADM90	S. aureus (ATCC 25923, 16 MRSA and 15 MSSA clinical isolates)	Tween 80	2.70 mg/mL	Eugenol (75.85%), eugenol acetate (16.38%)	[119]
Cinnamomum Cassia (cinnamon)	MIC	S. aureus	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	trans-Caryophyllene (17.18%), eugenol (14.67%),	[118]
					Linalool L (14.52%), trans-cinnamyl acetate (13.85%), cymol (11.79%), cinnamaldehyde (11.25%)
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Eugenol (80.00%)	[99]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	0.02 mg/mL	NCR	[85]
	ADM		10% DMSO	3.20 mg/mL		[80]
	ADM90	S. aureus (ATCC 25923, 16 MRSA and 15 MSSA clinical isolates)	Tween 80	0.25 mg/mL	Cinnamaldehyde (86.31%)	[119]
Citrus aurantifolia (lime)	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO	12.80 mg/mL	Cinnamaldehyde (52.42%)	[80]
Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), flowers	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	50% DMSO	0.31 mg/mL	Limonene (27.50%), E-nerolidol (17.50%), α-terpineol (14.00%)	[120]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6536)		0.63 mg/mL
Citrus aurantium (petitgrain)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6536)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (54.90%), linalool (21.10%)	[99]
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	n.m.	1.25 μL/mL	Bergamol (16.10%), linalool (14.02%), D-limonene (13.76%)	[62]
Citrus grandis (grapefruit)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	Limonene (74.80%)	[99]
Citrus medica limonum (lemon)	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO	>12.80 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL		[99]
Citrus sinensis (orange)	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO	>12.80 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 9144)	0.1% ethanol	0.94 mg/L		[121]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	Limonene (93.20%)	[99]
Commiphora guidotti (myrrh)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	(E)-β-Ocimene (52.60%), α-santalene (11.10%), (E)-bisabolene (16.00%)	[117]
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	1.30 mg/mL	Furanogermacrene (15.90%), furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (44.30%)	[117]
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)		2.00 mg/mL	Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (57.70%), lindestrene (16.30%)	[117]
Coriandrum sativum (coriander), seed	MIC	S. aureus (7 clinical isolates)	0.5% DMSO with Tween 80	0.16 mg/mL	NCR	[122]
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress), branches	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO	1.50 μg/mL	α-Pinene (58.60%), δ-3-carene (15.60%)	[123]
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress),female cones				2.95 μg/mL	α-Pinene (60.50%), δ-3-carene (15.30%)
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress), leaves				0.98 μg/mL	α-Pinene (20.00%), umbellulone (18.40%)
Cupressus sempervirens (cypress)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	12.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (41.20%), δ-3-carene (23.70%)	[99]
Cymbopogon giganteus (lemongrass)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 9144)	0.5% ethanol	2.10 mg/mL	Limonene (42.00%), trans-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (14.20%), cis-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (12.00%)	[124]
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 9144)	0.5% ethanol	2.50 mg/mL	Geranial (48.10%), neral (34.60%), myrcene (11.00%)	[124]
		S. aureus	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	Geranial (47.34%), β-myrcene (16.53%), Z-citral (8.36%)	[118]
	MAC	S. aureus (MTCC 96)	Sodium taurocholate	0.80–0.27 μL/mL	Citral (72.80%)	[125, 126]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	1.67 mg/mL	Geranial (44.80%)	[99]
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	MAC	S. aureus (MTCC 96)	Sodium taurocholate	0.80 μL/mL	Geraniol (61.6%)	[125, 126]
Cymbopogon nardus (citronella)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	Citronellal (38.30%), geraniol (20.70%), citronellol (18.80%)	[99]
Daucus carota (carrot seed)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Carotol (44.40%)	[99]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Acetone	3.90 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (54.37%), α-pinene (13.24%)	[127]
		S. aureus (clinical isolate)
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 80	10.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (81.93%)	[128]
		MRSA (ATCC 10442)
		MRSA (MRSA USA 300)
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 43387)	DMSO	0.20% v/v	NCR	[129]
	MAC	S. aureus (MTCC 96)	Sodium taurocholate	0.41 μL/mL	Cineole (23.20%)	[125, 126]
	ADM	MRSA (ATCC 33592)	Tween 20	85.60 μg/mL	Eucalyptol (47.20%), (+)-spathulenol (18.10%)	[81]
		S. aureus (ATCC 25922)		51.36 μg/mL
		MRSA (14 clinical isolates)		8.56–85.60 μg/mL
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (58.00%), α-terpineol (13.20%)	[99]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		MRSA (ATCC 33592)		0.75 mg/mL
Eucalyptus radiata (eucalyptus)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole , α-terpineol	[130]
		MRSA (ATCC 33592)		1.00–2.00 mg/mL
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Acetone	0.50 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		MRSA (ATCC 33592)
Eucalyptus citriodora (eucalyptus)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Acetone	1.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		MRSA (ATCC 33592)
Eucalyptus smithii (eucalyptus)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		MRSA (ATCC 33592)
Eucalyptus dives (eucalyptus)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		MRSA (ATCC 33592)		1.00 mg/mL
Eucalyptus intertexta (eucalyptus)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 29737)	10% DSMO	7.80 μg/mL	NCR	[131]
Eucalyptus largiflorens (eucalyptus)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	7.80 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (70.32%), α-pinene (15.46%)	[127]
		S. aureus (clinical isolate)
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 29737)	10% DSMO	250.00 μg/mL	NCR	[131]
Eucalyptus melliodora (eucalyptus)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	3.90 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (67.65%), α-pinene (18.58%)	[127]
		S. aureus (clinical isolate)
Eucalyptus polycarpa (eucalyptus)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	1.95 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (50.12%)	[127]
		S. aureus (clinical isolate)		3.90 μg/mL
Foeniculum dulce (fennel)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	E-Anethole (79.10%)	[99]
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	DMSO	10.00 mg/mL	trans-Anethole (68.53%), estragole (10.42%)	[132]
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) (6 samples)	MIC	S. aureus		1.00 μg/mL	trans-Anethole (33.3%), DL-limonene (19.66%), carvone (12.03%)	[118]
		S. aureus (ATCC 28213)		125.00–500.00 μg/mL	Fenchone (16.90–34.70%), estragole (2.50–66.00%), trans-anethole (7.90–77.70%)	[133]
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare (fennel), Aurelio	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 20	50.00–100.00 μg/mL	Limonene (16.50–21.50%), (E)-anethole (59.80–66.00%)	[134]
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare (fennel), Spartaco					Limonene (0.20–17.70%), (E)-anethole (66.30–90.40%)
Geranium dissectum (geranium)	MIC	S. aureus	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	β-Citronellol (25.45%), geraniol (13.83%)	[118]
Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	Isopinocamphone (48.70%), pinocamphone (15.50%)	[99]
Juniperi aetheroleum (juniper)	MAC80	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	n.m.	40.00% v/v	α-Pinene (29.17%), β-pinene (17.84%), sabinene (13.55%)	[135]
	MAC80	S. aureus (MFBF)		15.00% v/v
Juniperus communis (juniper), berry	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	10.00 mg/mL	NCR	[85]
	MIC	MRSA (15 clinical isolates)	Ethanol	>2.00% v/v		[136]
Juniperus excelsa (juniper), berries, Dojran	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 29213)	50% DSMO	>50.00%	α-Pinene (70.81%)	[87]
Juniperus excelsa (juniper), leaves, Dojran				125.00%	α-Pinene (33.83%)
Juniperus excelsa (juniper), leaves, Ohrid				125.00%	Sabinene (29.49%)
Juniperus officinalis (juniper), berry	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 29213)	Tween 80	10.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (39.76%)	[128]
Juniperus officinalis (juniper), berry		MRSA (clinical isolates)		20.00 mg/mL
Juniperus virginiana (juniper)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Thujopsene (29.80%), cedrol (14.90%), α-cedrene (12.40%)	[99]
Juniperus virginiana (juniper), berries				3.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (20.50%), myrcene (13.70%), bicyclosesquiphellandrene (10.70%)
Kunzea ericoides (Kānuka)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	α-Pinene (61.60%)	[137]
		MRSA (clinical isolate)		0.20% v/v
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	8.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (26.2–46.7%), p-cymene (5.8–19.1%)	[138]
Laurus nobilis (bay)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	0.83 mg/mL	Eugenol (57.20%), myrcene (14.30%), carvacrol (12.70%)	[99]
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (36.70%), linalool (31.40%), terpinen-4-ol (14.90%)	[99]
		S. aureus (NCTC 6571)	10% DSMO	310.00 μg/mL	Linalool (25.10%), linalyl acetate (22.50%)	[139]
		S. aureus (NCTC 1803)		320.40 μg/mL
		MRSA (15 clinical isolates)	Ethanol	0.50% v/v	NCR	[136]
		S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	8.60 mg/mL	Linalool (30.80%), linalyl acetate (31.30%)	[140]
		S. aureus (clinical strain and ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (36.7%), linalool (31.4%), terpinen-4-ol (14.9%)	[99]
		MRSA (clinical strain and 43300)
		Methicillin-gentamicin-resistant S. aureus (MGRSA) (ATCC 33592)
Lavandula dentata (French lavender)	MIC	S. aureus (BNI 18)	5% DMSO	1.53 mg/mL	Camphor (12.40%)	[141]
Lavandula officinalis (lavender)	MIC	S. aureus	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	δ-3-Carene (17.14%), α-fenchene (16.79%), diethyl phthalate (13.84%)	[118]
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender)	MIC	S. aureus (STCC 976)	Tween 80	2.00 μL/mL	10s,11s-Himachala-3(12),4-diene (23.62%), cubenol (16.19%)	[142]
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender), flower	MIC	MRSA (clinical isolate)	20% DMSO	31.25 μg/mL	α-Fenchone (39.20%)	[47]
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender), leaf				125.00 μg/mL	α-Fenchone (41.90%), 1,8-cineole (15.60%), camphor (12.10%)
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 80	0.10% v/v	(−)-()-Calamenene (14.50%), leptospermone (17.60%)	[137]
		MRSA (clinical isolate)		0.05% v/v
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	Eudesma-4(14),11-diene (6.2–14.5%), α-selinene (5.90–13.5%), ()-methyl cinnamate (9.2–19.5%)	[138]
Litsea cubeba (May Chang)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Geranial (45.60%), nerol (31.20%)	[99]
Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Bisabolene oxide A (46.90%), β-farnesene (19.20%)	[99]
Matricaria recutita (German chamomile)	ADM90	S. aureus (ATCC 25923, 16 MRSA and 15 MSSA clinical isolates)	Tween 80	26.50 mg/mL	Chamazulene (31.48%), α-bisabolol (15.71%), bisabolol oxide (15.71%)	[119]
Matricaria songarica (chamomile)	MIC	S. aureus (CCTCC AB91093)	Tween 80	50.00 μg/mL	E-β-Farnesene (10.58%), bisabolol oxide A (10.46%)	[143]
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	ADM	S. aureus (NCIM 2079)	Tween 80	1.00%	NCR	[79]
		S. aureus (clinical isolate)
	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	α-Terpinene (11.40%), γ-terpinene (22.50%), terpinen-4-ol (35.20%)	[137]
		MRSA (clinical isolate)		0.35% v/v
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 29213)	None used	0.50% (v/v)	Terpinen-4-ol (40.00%), δ-terpinen (13.00%), p-cymene (13.00%)	[97]
		MRSA (98 clinical isolates)	n.m.	512.00–2048.00 mg/L	NCR	[144]
		S. aureus (NCIB 6571)		1.00% v/v		[145]
		Coagulase-negative staphylococci (9 clinical isolates)	Polyoxyl 35 castor oil	0.63–2.50% v/v	Terpinen-4-ol (>35.00%)	[146]
		MRSA (10 clinical isolates)		0.30–0.63% v/v
				0.30% v/v
		MRSA (15 clinical isolates)	Ethanol	0.25% v/v	NCR	[136]
		S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	8.60 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (38.60%), γ-terpinene (21.60%)	[140]
	MIC90	S. aureus (NCTC 6571)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	Terpinen-4-ol (35.70%)	[147]
		S. aureus (105 clinical isolates)		0.12–0.50% v/v
	MIC	MRSA (60 clinical isolates, 29 mupirocin-resistant)		0.25%		[148]
	MIC	S. aureus (NCTC 8325)	n.m.	0.50% (v/v)	Terpinen-4-ol (39.80%), γ-terpinene (17.80%)	[149]
				0.25% (v/v)		[150]
	MIC90	MRSA (100 clinical isolates)	Tween 80	0.16–0.32%	NCR	[151]
	MIC	S. aureus (69 clinical isolates)	Tween 80	0.12–0.50% v/v	Terpinen-4-ol (35.70%)	[152]
	ADM	S. aureus (NCTC 4163)	Tween 20	0.20% v/v	Terpinen-4-ol (42.80%), γ-terpinene (18.20%)	[115]
		MRSA (clinical isolate)		0.30% v/v
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	8.00 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (49.30%), -terpinene (16.90%)	[99]
	MAC	S. aureus (2 clinical isolates)	n.m.	0.10–0.20%	Eucalyptol (70.08%)	[153]
		S. aureus (ATCC 25923)		0.20%
		S. aureus (NCTC 9518)		0.63–1.25% v/v	α-Pinene (11.95%), α-terpinene (14.63%), terpinen-4-ol (29.50%), p-cymene (17.74%)	[154]
					α-Pinene (24.87%), -terpinene (12.47%), terpinen-4-ol (28.59%)
Melaleuca cajuputi (cajuput)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 80	2.50 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (67.60%)	[128]
		MRSA (ATCC 10442)		5.00 mg/mL
		MRSA (clinical isolate)		2.50 mg/mL
	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)		0.20% v/v	1,8-Cineole (55.50%)	[137]
		MRSA (clinical isolate)		0.30% v/v
Melaleuca quinquenervia (niaouli)	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 80	0.20% v/v	1,8-Cineole (61.20%)	[137]
		MRSA (clinical isolate)		0.30% v/v
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (45.90%), -terpinene (21.00%)	[99]
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	MIC	S. aureus (NCTC 6571)	10% DSMO	300.60 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (27.40%), α-thujone (16.30%), β-thujone (11.20%), borneol (10.40%)	[139]
	MIC	S. aureus (NCTC 1803)		330.30 μg/mL
Mentha piperita (peppermint)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	11.90 mg/mL	Menthone (18.20%), menthol (42.90%)	[140]
		S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 80	0.60 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (12.06%), menthone (22.24%), menthol (47.29%)	[128]
		MRSA (ATCC 10442)
		MRSA (clinical isolate)
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	DMSO	0.63–2.50 mg/mL	Menthol (27.50–42.30%), menthone (18.40–27.90%)	[155]
		S. aureus		≤1.00 μg/mL	Menthone (40.82%), carvone (24.16%)	[118]
		MRSA (15 clinical isolates)	Ethanol	0.50% v/v	NCR	[136]
		S. aureus (ATCC 43387)	DMSO	0.20% v/v		[129]
	MAC	S. aureus (MTCC 96)	Sodium taurocholate	1.66 μL/mL	Menthol (36.40%)	[125, 126]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 9144)	0.5% ethanol	8.30 mg/mL	Menthol (39.30%), menthone (25.20%)	[156]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	Menthol (47.50%), menthone (18.60%)	[99]
Myrtus communis (myrtle)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Myrtenyl acetate (28.20%), 1,8-cineole (25.60%), α-pinene (12.50%)	[99]
	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 20	2.80 mg/mL	NCR	[157]
		S. aureus (ATCC 29213)
Ocimum basilicum (basil)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 9144)	0.5% ethanol	2.50 mg/mL	Linalool (57.00%), eugenol (19.20%)	[156]
	MAC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	n.m.	1.25 μL/mL	Eugenol (62.60%), caryophyllene (21.51%)	[62]
			Tween 80	% v/v	Linalool (54.95%), methyl chavicol (11.98%)	[158]
		S. aureus (3 clinical strains)	Tween 80	% v/v	Linalool (54.95%), methyl chavicol (11.98%)	[158]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Linalool (54.10%)	[99]
	MIC90	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	n.m.	45.00 μg/mL	Methyl chavicol (46.90%), geranial (19.10%), neral (15.15%)	[159]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 80	0.68–11.74 μg/mL	Linalool (30.30–58.60%)	[160]
Origanum acutidens (Turkey oregano)	MIC	S. aureus (clinical isolate)	10% DMSO	125.00 μg/mL	Carvacrol (72.00%)	[161]
		S. aureus (ATCC2913)
Origanum majorana (marjoram)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 43387)	DMSO	0.05% v/v	NCR	[129]
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (46.00%), linalool (26.10%)	[99]
Origanum microphyllum (oregano)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 80	6.21 mg/mL	Terpin-4-ol (24.86%), γ-terpinene (13.83%), linalool (10.81%)	[162]
Origanum scabrum (oregano)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 80	0.35 mg/mL	carvacrol (74.86%)	[162]
Origanum vulgare (oregano)	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1% DMSO	0.13% v/v	p-Cymene (14.60%), γ-terpinene (11.70%), thymol (24.70%), carvacrol (14.00%)	[163]
		S. aureus (ATCC 25923)
		S. aureus (ATCC 43300)
		MRSA (22 isolates)		0.06–0.13% v/v
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	n.m.	575.00 mg/L	NCR	[164]
	MAC			0.63.00 μL/mL	Carvacrol (30.17%), p-cymene (15.20%), γ-terpinen (12.44%)	[62]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 43387)	DMSO	0.10% v/v	NCR	[129]
	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 20	0.70 mg/mL		[157]
		S. aureus (ATCC 29213)
Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Greek oregano)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO + Tween 80	170.70 μg/mL	Linalool (96.31%)	[165]
Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare (oregano)				106.70 μg/mL	Thymol (58.31%), carvacrol (16.11%), p-cymene (13.45%)
Pelargonium graveolens (geranium)	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO	>12.80 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 20	0.72 mg/mL		[157]
		S. aureus (ATCC 29213)
	MIC	S. aureus (strains isolated from skin lesions)	Ethanol	0.25–1.50 mL/mL	Citronellol (26.70%), geraniol (13.40%)	[166]
		S. aureus (strains isolated postoperatively)		0.50–2.25 mL/mL
		MRSA and MSSA (clinical strains)		1.00 mL/mL
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Citronellol (34.20%), geraniol (15.70%)	[99]
Perovskia abrotanoides (Russian sage)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO	8.00 μL/mL	Camphor (23.00%), 1,8-cineole (22.00%), α-pinene (12.00%)	[167]
Pimpinella anisum (anise)	MIC	S. aureus	DMSO	125.00 μg/mL	NCR	[168]
				≤1.00 μg/mL	Anethole (64.82%)	[118]
Pinus sylvestris (pine)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	Bornyl acetate (42.30%), camphene (11.80%), α-pinene (11.00%)	[99]
Piper nigrum (black pepper)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	β-Caryophyllene (33.80%), limonene (16.40%)	[99]
Pogostemon cablin (patchouli)	MIC	S. aureus (NCTC 6571)	10% DSMO	395.20 μg/mL	α-Guaiene (13.80%), α-bulnesene (17.10%), patchouli alcohol (22.70%)	[139]
		S. aureus (NCTC 1803)		520.00 μg/mL
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Patchouli alcohol (37.30%), α-bulnesene (14.60%), α-guaiene (12.50%)	[99]
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 80	0.13% v/v	1,8-Cineole (27.23%), α-pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%)	[169]
		S. aureus (NCTC 6571)	10% DSMO	305.30 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (29.2%), (+)-camphor (17.2%)	[139]
		S. aureus (NCTC 1803)		310.40 μg/mL
		MRSA (clinical isolate)	Tween 80	0.03% v/v	1,8-Cineole (26.54%), α-pinene (20.14%), camphene (11.38%), camphor (12.88%)	[170]
		S. aureus (MTCC 96)	n.m.	11.00 mg/mL	NCR	[171]
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Hexane	1.88–7.50 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (10.56–11.91%), camphor (16.57–16.89%), verbenone (17.43–23.79%)	[172]
	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO	12.80 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 20	5.60 mg/mL		[157]
		S. aureus (ATCC 29213)
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	6.20 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (41.40%), α-pinene (13.30%), camphor (12.40%)	[140]
		S. aureus (ATCC 43387)	DMSO	0.20% v/v	NCR	[129]
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (48.00%)	[99]
	ADM90	S. aureus (ATCC 25923, 16 MRSA and 15 MSSA clinical isolates)	Tween 80	8.60 mg/mL	Camphor (27.51%), limonene (21.01%), myrcene (11.19%), α-pinene (10.37%)	[119]
Salvia bracteata (sage)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)		50.00 μg/mL	Caryophyllene oxide (16.60%)	[173]
Salvia eremophila (sage)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 29737)	10% DMSO	8.00 μg/mL	Borneol (21.83%), α-pinene (18.80%), bornyl acetate (18.68%)	[174]
Salvia nilotica (sage)	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	5.40 mg/mL	trans-Caryophyllene (10.90%)	[175]
Salvia officinalis (sage)	MIC	S. aureus (NCTC 6571)	10% DSMO	302.40 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (27.40%), α-thujone (16.30%), β-thujone (11.20%), borneol (10.40%)	[139]
		S. aureus (NCTC 1803)		324.30 μg/mL
		S. aureus (ATCC 43387)	DMSO	0.20% v/v	NCR	[129]
	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 20	11.20 mg/mL	NCR	[157]
		S. aureus (ATCC 29213)		5.60 mg/mL
		S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	7.50 mg/mL		[176]
Salvia ringens (sage)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	NI	α-Pinene (12.85%), 1,8-cineole (46.42%)	[177]
Salvia rosifolia (sage) (3 samples)		MRSA	20% DMSO	125.00–1000.00 μg/mL	α-Pinene (15.70–34.80%), 1,8-cineole (16.60–25.10%), β-pinene (6.70–13.50%)	[178]
Salvia rubifolia (sage)		S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	Tween 20	50.00 μg/mL	γ-Muurolene (11.80%)	[173]
Salvia sclarea (clary sage)	MIC	S. aureus (11 MRSA and 16 MSSA)	Ethanol	3.75–5.25	Linalyl acetate (57.90%), linalool (12.40%)	[179]
		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (72.90%), linalool (11.90%)	[99]
Santalum album (sandalwood)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	0.25 mg/mL	α-Santalol (32.10%)	[99]
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	cinnamyl alcohol (44.80%), benzene propanol (21.70%)	[99]
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 80	0.13% v/v	Eugenol (68.52%), β-caryophyllene (19.00%), 2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol acetate (10.15%)	[169]
		S. aureus	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	Eugenol (84.07%), isoeugenol (10.39%)	[118]
	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	10% DMSO	>6.40 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Eugenol (82.20%), eugenol acetate (13.20%)	[99]
Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold)	MIC90	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	n.m.	67.00 μg/mL	Dihydrotagetone (33.90%), E-ocimene (19.90%), tagetone (16.10%)	[159]
Tagetes patula (French marigold)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	(E)-β-Ocimene (41.30%), E-tagetone (11.20%), verbenone (10.90%)	[99]
Thymbra spicata (thyme)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 29213)	Tween 80	2.25 mg/mL	Carvacrol (60.39%), γ-terpinene (12.95%)	[180]
Thymus capitatus (thyme)		S. aureus (ATCC 25923)		900.00 μg/mL	p-Cymene (26.40%), thymol (29.30%), carvacrol (10.80%)	[181]
Thymus capitatus (thyme), commercial					α-Pinene (25.20%), linalool (10.30%), thymol (46.10%)
Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Gennargentu				225.00 μg/mL	Thymol (46.90%), carvacrol (20.60%)
Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Limbara				900.00 μg/mL	p-Cymene (27.60%), thymol (50.30%)
Thymus hyemalis (thyme) (thymol, thymol/linalool, carvacrol chemotypes)	MAC	S. aureus (CECT 239)	95% ethanol	<0.20–0.50 μL/mL	p-Cymene (16.00–19.80%), linalool (2.10–16.60%), thymol (2.90–43.00%), carvacrol (0.30–40.10%)	[61]
Thymus numidicus	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	0.23 mg/mL	NCR	[176]
Thymus serpyllum (thyme)		S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Tween 20	0.28 mg/mL		[157]
		S. aureus (ATCC 29213)		0.70 mg/mL
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	MIC	S. aureus	DMSO	31.20 μg/mL	NCR	[168]
		S. aureus (NCTC 6571)	10% DSMO	160.50 μg/mL	p-Cymene (17.90%), thymol (52.40%)	[139]
		S. aureus (NCTC 1803)		210.00 μg/mL
		S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	n.m.	0.40 mg/mL	NCR	[85]
	ADM	S. aureus (ATCC 433000)	Ethanol	0.25 μL/mL	Thymol (38.1%), p-cymene (29.10%)	[182]
		S. aureus (2 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from hands)		0.50 μL/mL	Thymol (38.1%), p-cymene (29.10%)	[182]
		S. aureus (6 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from wounds)		0.50–1.00 μL/mL
		S. aureus (4 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from ulcers)		0.50–0.75 μL/mL
		S. aureus (multidrug-resistant clinical strain from abscesses)		0.25 μL/mL
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	Acetone	1.30 mg/mL	Thymol (47.20%), p-cymene (22.10%)	[140]
		MRSA (15 clinical isolates)	Ethanol	0.50% v/v	NCR	[136]
	ADM	MRSA (ATCC 33592)	Tween 20	18.50 μg/mL	Thymol (48.1%), p-cymene (15.60%), γ-terpinene (15.40%)	[81]
		S. aureus (ATCC 25922)
		MRSA (14 clinical isolates)		18.50–37.00 μg/mL
	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	3.33 mg/mL	p-Cymene (39.90%), thymol (20.70%)	[99]
Thymus vulgaris (thyme) (thymol chemotype)	MAC	S.aureus (CECT 239)	95% ethanol	<0.20 μL/mL	p-Cymene (18.70%), thymol (57.70%)	[61]
Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (thyme) (thymol and two linalool chemotypes)				<0.20–1.20 μL/mL	p-Cymene (0.50–11.20%), (E)-sabinene hydrate (0.20–18.20%), linalool (2.00–82.30%)
Vetiveria zizanioides/Andropogon muricatus (vetiver)	MIC	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	Acetone	0.75 mg/mL	Zizanol (13.6%), β-vetirenene (7.2%)	[99]

name (common name), part of plant (if applicable).
: microdilution method; MAC: macrodilution method; ADM: agar dilution method; CTA: contact time assay.
Type Culture Collection, Rockville, USA (ATCC); Colección Espanõla de Cultivos Tipo (CECT); collection of microorganisms of the Department of Microbiology (MFBF); culture collection of antibiotics resistant microbes (CCRM); Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, clinical isolate (OGU); Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina (LM); Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC); Mycology Laboratory (LM); National Center of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM); National Collection of Type Cultures, London, Great Britain (NCTC); Spanish Collection of Type Cultures (STCC).
concentration was not included; n.m.: not mentioned.
: no inhibition.
: no composition results reported.