Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases

Table 7

Essential oils demonstrating noteworthy antimicrobial efficacy against C. albicans.

Essential		Species			Main	Reference
Abies balsamea (fir)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (31.00%), bornyl acetate (14.90%), -3-carene (14.20%)	[99]
Abies holophylla (Manchurian fir)		C. albicans (B02630)	DMSO	>2.20 mg/mL	Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol (28.05%), -3-carene (13.85%), -pinene (11.68%), camphene (10.41%)	[111]
Abies koreana (Korean fir)					Bornyl ester (41.79%), camphene (15.31%), α-pinene (11.19%)
Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium (yarrow)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10239)	Tween 80	4.50 mg/mL	Eucalyptol (24.60%), camphor (16.70%), -terpineol (10.20%)	[112]
Achillea setacea (bristly yarrow)				1.12 mg/mL	Sabinene (10.80%), eucalyptol (18.50%)	[113]
Angelica archangelica (angelica) root	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	α-Phellandrene (18.50%), α-pinene (13.70%), -phellandrene (12.60%), -3-carene (12.10%)	[99]
Angelica archangelica (angelica) seed					-Phellandrene (59.20%)
Anthemis nobilis (chamomile)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	2-Methylbutyl-2-methyl propanoic acid (31.50%), limonene (18.30%), 3-methylpentyl-2-butenoic acid (16.70%), isobutyl isobutyrate (10.00%)	[99]
Apium graveolens (celery)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	1.00% v/v	NCR	[236]
Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon)	MIC		Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Estragole (82.60%)	[99]
Boswellia carteri (frankincense)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	1.00% v/v	NCR	[236]
Boswellia carteri (frankincense) (9 samples)	MIC		Acetone	5.30–12.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (4.80–40.40%), myrcene (1.60–52.40%), limonene (1.90–20.40%), -thujene (0.30–52.40%), -cymene (2.70–16.90%), -pinene (0.30–13.10%)	[116]
Boswellia frereana (frankincense) (3 samples)				6.00–12.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (2.00–64.70%), -thujene (0.00–33.10%), -cymene (5.40–16.90%)
Boswellia neglecta (frankincense)				1.80 mg/mL	NCR	[117]
				6.60 mg/mL	-Pinene (43.40%), -pinene (13.10%)	[116]
Boswellia papyrifera (frankincense)				1.40 mg/mL	NCR	[117]
Boswellia rivae (frankincense)				4.00 mg/mL
Boswellia sacra (frankincense) (2 samples)				8.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (18.30–28.00%), -thujene (3.90–11.20%), limonene (11.20–13.10%)	[116]
Boswellia spp. (frankincense) (4 samples)				6.00–8.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (18.80–24.20%), limonene (11.70–19.00%)
Boswellia thurifera (frankincense)				6.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (28.00%), limonene (14.60%)
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	1.00% v/v	NCR	[236]
	MIC		Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Bicyclosesquiphellandrene (19.50%), -farnesene (13.90%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.25–0.50%	NCR	[237]
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) heads	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Benzyl acetate (31.90%), linalool (27.00%), methyl benzoate (10.40%)	[99]
Canarium luzonicum (elemi)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	Limonene (41.90%), elemol (21.60%), -phellandrene (11.40%)	[99]
Carum carvi (caraway)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Limonene (27.60%), carvone (67.50%)	[99]
Carum carvi (caraway)	MIC	C. albicans	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	DL-Limonene (53.35%), -selinene (11.08%), -elemene (10.09%)	[118]
Cedrus atlantica (cedar wood)	ADM90	C. albicans	Tween 80	2.00% v/v	NCR	[236]
Cinnamomum camphora (camphor)	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.50%	NCR	[237]
Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon)	MAC80	C. albicans (ATCC90029)	n.m.	0.17 μL/mL	trans-Cinnamaldehyde (92.20%)	[238]
Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon)	MIC	C. albicans	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	trans-Caryophyllene (17.18%), eugenol (14.67%), linalool L (14.52%), trans-cinnamyl acetate (13.85%), cymol (11.79%), cinnamaldehyde (11.25%)	[118]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	ADM	C. albicans	DMSO	0.08 μL/mL	NCR	[232]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Eugenol (80.00%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.01%	NCR	[237]
Citrus aurantium (petitgrain)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	NCR	[236]
	MIC		Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (54.90%), linalool (21.10%)	[99]
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	1.00% v/v	NCR	[236]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	1.00–2.00%		[237]
Citrus grandis (grapefruit)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Limonene (74.80%)	[99]
Citrus medica limonum (lemon)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	2.00% v/v	NCR	[236]
	ADM	C. albicans	DMSO	2.50 μL/mL		[232]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL		[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.50–1.00%		[237]
Citrus limon (lemon), aromatic art	MAC	C. albicans (clinical strain C31)	Tween 80	0.03%	Limonene (22.42%), isopropyl myristate (42.78%)	[239]
Citrus limon (lemon), Avicenna				0.60%	Limonene (42.03%), -pinene (15.15%)
Citrus limon (lemon) -Vera Nord					Limonene (23.39%), trans-citral (15.52%), cis-citral (19.41%)
Citrus sinensis (orange)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.1% ethanol	3.75 mg/L	NCR	[121]
	MIC		Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Limonene (93.20%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	1.00%	NCR	[237]
Commiphora guidotti (myrrh)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	( )--Ocimene (52.60%), -santalene (11.10%), ()-bisabolene (16.00%)	[117]
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)				1.50 mg/mL	Furanogermacrene (15.90%), furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (44.30%)
				4.00 mg/mL	Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (57.70%), lindestrene (16.30%)	[99]
Coriandrum sativum (coriander)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	NCR	[236]
	MIC	C. albicans (CBS 562 and 4 clinical isolates)	n.m.	0.02–0.06 mg/mL	Decanal (10.97%), 1-decanol (15.30%), 2-dodecenol (11.26%)	[240]
Cupressus sempervirens (cypress)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	α-Pinene (41.20%), -3-carene (23.70%)	[99]
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.12% v/v	NCR	[236]
	ADM	C. albicans (SP-14)	Sodium taurocholate	5.00 μL/mL	Citral (72.80%)	[125, 126]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Geranial (44.80%)	[99]
	MIC	C. albicans	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	Geranial (47.34%), -myrcene (16.53%), Z-citral (8.36%)	[118]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.06%	NCR	[237]
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	MIC	C. albicans (CBS 562 and 4 clinical isolates)	n.m.	0.06–0.25 mg/mL	NCR	[240]
	ADM	C. albicans (SP-14)	Sodium taurocholate	2.00 μL/mL	Geraniol (61.60%)	[125, 126]
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.12–0.15%	NCR	[237]
		C. albicans (clinical samples)		0.08%		[75]
Cymbopogon nardus (citronella)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	NCR	[236]
	MIC		Acetone	0.75 mg/mL	Citronellal (38.30%), geraniol (20.70%), citronellol (18.80%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.50–1.00%	NCR	[237]
Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella grass)	MIC	C. albicans (CBS 562 and 4 clinical isolates)	n.m.	0.50–1.00 mg/mL	NCR	[240]
Daucus carota (carrot seed)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	Carotol (44.40%)	[99]
	MAC		2% DSMO	1.25–2.50 μL/mL	Sabinene (28.30–33.80%), limonene (6.50–11.80%), elemicin (6.20–26.00%)	[241]
				20.00 μL/mL (v/v)	-Bisabolene (17.6%), carotol (25.1), 11H-himachal-4-en-1-ol (21.6%)	[242]
				5.00–10.00 μL/mL (v/v)	-Bisabolene (51.00%), ()-methyl isoeugenol (10.00%)
					-Pinene (37.9%), geranyl acetate (15%)
				20.00 μL/mL (v/v)	Geranyl acetate (65.00%)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus)	ADM	C. albicans	DMSO	5.00 μL/mL	NCR	[232]
Eucalyptus fruticetorum (eucalyptus)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Tween 80	1.00% v/v	NCR	[236]
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	0.05%	NCR	[75]
	MIC90	C. albicans (ATCC 90028)	Tween 80	10.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (81.93%)	[128]
	ADM	C. albicans (SP-14)	Sodium taurocholate	5.00 μL/mL	Cineole (23.20%)	[125, 126]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (58.00%), -terpineol (13.20%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	1.50%	NCR	[237]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
Eucalyptus radiata (eucalyptus)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole , -terpineol	[130]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus)				0.50 mg/mL	NCR
Eucalyptus citriodora (eucalyptus)				1.00 mg/mL
Eucalyptus smithii (eucalyptus)
Eucalyptus dives (eucalyptus)
Eucalyptus intertexta (eucalyptus)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	10% DSMO	7.80 μg/mL	NCR	[131]
Eucalyptus largiflorens (eucalyptus)				125.00 μg/mL	NCR
Eugenia caryophyllus (clove)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	0.33%	NCR	[75]
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)	MIC	C. albicans	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	trans-Anethole (33.3%), DL-limonene (19.66%), carvone (12.03%)	[118]
Foeniculum dulce (fennel)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	-Anethole (79.10%)	[99]
Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.00 mg/mL	Isopinocamphone (48.70%), pinocamphone (15.50%)	[99]
Geranium dissectum (geranium)	MIC	C. albicans	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	-Citronellol (25.45%), geraniol (13.83%)	[118]
Jasminum nudiflorum (jasmine)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	>3.00%	NCR	[75]
Juniperi aetheroleum (juniper)	MAC80	C. albicans (MFBF)	n.m.	1.00% v/v	-Pinene (29.17%), -pinene (17.84%), sabinene (13.55%)	[135]
Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	2.00%	NCR	[75]
Juniperus communis (juniper berry)	MIC90	C. albicans (ATCC 90028)	Tween 80	20.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (39.76%)	[128]
Juniperus communis (juniper)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC10231)		2.00% v/v	NCR	[236]
Juniperus communis ssp. alpina (juniper), berries	MAC	C. albicans (clinical strain D5)	2% DMSO	1.25–2.50 μL/mL	-Pinene (77.40%)	[243]
Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (juniper)		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)		5.00–10.00 μL/mL
				2.50 μL/mL	Sabinene (26.20%), -pinene (12.90%), limonene (10.40%)	[244]
Juniperus virginiana (juniper)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Thujopsene (29.80%), cedrol (14.90%), -cedrene (12.40%)	[99]
Juniperus virginiana (juniper), berries				2.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (20.50%), myrcene (13.70%), bicyclosesquiphellandrene (10.70%)
Juniperus virginiana (juniper)	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	3.00%	NCR	[237]
Juniperus turbinata (juniper), berries	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2% DMSO	10.00–20.00 μL/mL	-Pinene (66.70%)	[243]
		C. albicans (clinical strain D5)		5.00 μL/mL
Juniperus turbinata (juniper), leaf		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2% DMSO	5.00 μL/mL	-Pinene (48.20%), -phellandrene (23.10%)
		C. albicans (clinical strain D5)		1.25 μL/mL
Juniperus oxycedrus (cade juniper)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	NI	NCR	[75]
Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (cade), leaf	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2% DMSO	1.25–25.00 μL/mL	-Pinene (65.50%)	[243]
		C. albicans (clinical strain D5)		0.32–0.64 μL/mL
Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (cade), berries		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2% DMSO	10.00–20.00 μL/mL	-Pinene (54.70)%, myrcene (17.80%), germacrene D (10.40%)
		C. albicans (clinical strain D5)		5.00 μL/mL
Kunzea ericoides (Kānuka)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	>2.00% v/v	-Pinene (61.60%)	[137]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (26.20–46.70%), p-cymene (5.80–19.10%)	[138]
Laurus nobilis (bay)				0.75 mg/mL	Eugenol (57.20%), myrcene (14.30%), chavicol (12.70%)	[99]
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	>3.00%	NCR	[75]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	5.70 mg/mL	Linalool (30.80%), linalyl acetate (31.30%)	[140]
				3.00 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (36.70%), linalool (31.40%), terpinen-4-ol (14.90%)	[99]
	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.50% v/v	NCR	[236]
				0.25% v/v
Lavandula officinalis (lavender)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	-3-Carene (17.14%), -fenchene (16.79%), diethyl phthalate (13.84%)	[118]
Lavandula pedunculata (French lavender)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2% DMSO	2.50 μL/mL	1,8-Cineole (2.40–55.50%), fenchone (1.30–59.70%), camphor (3.60–48.00%)	[245]
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender)					Fenchone (37.00%) and camphor (27.30%)	[246]
Lavandula viridis (yellow lavender)					1,8-Cineole (34.50%–42.2%), camphor (13.40%)	[247]
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	>2.00% v/v	(−)-()-Calamenene (14.50%), leptospermone (17.60%)	[137]
	MIC		Acetone	8.00 mg/mL	Eudesma-4(14),11-diene (6.2–14.5%), α-selinene (5.90–13.5%), ()-methyl cinnamate (9.2–19.5%)	[138]
Litsea cubeba (May Chang)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	6.00 mg/mL	Geranial (45.60%), nerol (31.20%)	[99]
Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	0.50 mg/mL	Bisabolene oxide A (46.90%), -farnesene (19.20%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	NI	NCR	[75]
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	0.73%	NCR	[75]
	MIC	C. albicans (KEM H5)	n.m.	0.13% (v/v)	Terpinen-4-ol (39.80%), -terpinene (17.80%)	[149, 150]
	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	NCR	[236]
	ADM			0.20% v/v	Terpinen-4-ol (42.80%), -terpinene (18.20%)	[115]
	MIC	C. albicans (NCYC 854)	n.m.	0.25% v/v	NCR	[145]
		C. albicans (fluconazole- and itraconazole-susceptible isolates)	Tween 80	0.06–0.50% v/v	Terpinen-4-ol (42.35%), -terpinene (20.65%)	[248]
		C. albicans (fluconazole- and/or itraconazole-resistant isolates; six isolates were cross-resistant)		0.25–0.50% v/v
	ADM	C. albicans (NRRL y-12983)	n.m.	3.50 mg/mL	NCR	[249]
		C. albicans (ATCC 14053)
		C. albicans (NRRL y-869)
		C. albicans (NRRL y-22077)		1.75 mg/mL
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)		3.50 mg/mL
	MIC	C. albicans (NRRL 12983)		4.73 mg/mL	-Terpinene (16.30%), terpinen-4-ol (30.30%)	[61]
		C. albicans (ATCC 14053)
		C. albicans (ATCC 90028)
		C. albicans (NRRL 22077)		2.30 mg/mL
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)		4.73 mg/mL
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	3.70 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (38.60%), -terpinene (21.60%)	[140]
	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.30% v/v	-Terpinene (11.40%), -terpinene (22.50%), terpinen-4-ol (35.20%)	[137]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (49.30%), -terpinene (16.90%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.12–0.25%	NCR	[237]
Melaleuca cajuputi (cajuput)	MIC90	C. albicans (ATCC 90028)	Tween 80	2.50 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (67.60%)	[128]
	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC10231)		0.40% v/v	1,8-Cineole (55.50%)	[137]
Melaleuca quinquenervia (niaouli)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Tween 80	0.40% v/v	1,8-Cineole (61.20%)	[137]
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Acetone	1.75 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (45.90%), α-terpinene (21.00%)	[99]
Mentha piperita (peppermint)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Tween 80	0.50% v/v	NCR	[236]
	MIC90	C. albicans (ATCC 90028)		0.30 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (12.06%), menthone (22.24%), menthol (47.29%)	[128]
	ADM	C. albicans (SP-14)	Sodium taurocholate	5.00 μL/mL	Menthol (36.40%)	[125, 126]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.40 mg/mL	Menthone (18.20%), menthol (42.90%)	[140]
	ADM	C. albicans (clinical isolate)	Tween 20	0.08%	NCR	[75]
	MIC	C. albicans (clinical isolate)	DMSO	0.31–0.63 mg/mL	Menthol (27.50–42.30%), menthone (18.40–27.90%)	[155]
		C. albicans		≤1.00 μg/mL	Menthone (40.82%), carvone (24.16%)	[118]
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Menthol (47.50%), menthone (18.60%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.25–0.30%	NCR	[237]
Mentha pulegium (peppermint)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	10% DMSO	1.00 μL/mL	Piperitone (38.00%), piperitenone (33.00%)	[250]
Mentha rotundifolia (peppermint), Beja		C. albicans	Tween 80	0.80% v/v	β-Caryophyllene (26.67%), germacrene D (12.31%)	[50]
Mentha rotundifolia (peppermint), Bizerte					Pulegone (32.09%), piperitenone oxide (17.28%), 5-acetyl thiazole (11.26%)
Mentha spicata (spearmint)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.12% v/v	NCR	[236]
Myrtus communis (myrtle)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Myrtenyl acetate (28.20%), 1,8-cineole (25.60%), α-pinene (12.50%)	[99]
Myrtus nivellei (Sahara myrtle)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2% DMSO	1.25–2.50 μg/mL	1,8-Cineole (37.50%), limonene (25.00%)	[251]
Ocimum basilicum var. minimum (basil)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 11006)	DMSO	NI	Linalool (440%), 1,8-cineole (15.50%)	[252]
Ocimum americanum (basil)				5000.00 μg/mL	1,8-Cineole (25.90%), (Z)-methyl cinnamate (29.40%)
Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens (basil)					Linalool (41.50%), α-muurolol (11.80%)
Ocimum micranthum (basil)				625.00 μg/mL	Eugenol (64.11%), β-caryophyllene (14.30%)
Ocimum selloi				1250.00 μg/mL	Linalool (16.8%), anethole (52.2%)
Ocimum basilicum (basil)	MIC	C. albicans	n.m.	30.00 μg/μL	Estragole (45.80%), linalool (24.20%)	[253]
	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Tween 80	0.50% v/v	NCR	[236]
	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	1.50%		[75]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.00 mg/mL	Linalool (54.10%)	[99]
	MIC90		n.m.	95.00 μg/mL	Methyl chavicol (46.90%), geranial (19.10%), neral (15.15%)	[159]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	1.00%	NCR	[237]
Ocimum gratissimum (African basil)	MIC	C. albicans (clinical isolate)	n.m.	750.00 μg/mL	Eugenol (67.00%)	[254]
Ocimum sanctum (holy basil)	MIC90	C. albicans (37 clinical isolates (5 resistant to fluconazole))	10% DMSO	0.10–0.24 μL/mL	Methyl chavicol (44.63%), linalool (21.84%)	[255]
		C. albicans (ATCC 90028)		0.25 μL/mL
		C. albicans (ATCC 10261)		0.20 μL/mL
		C. albicans (ATCC 44829)
	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	0.48%	NCR	[75]
Origanum majorana (marjoram)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (46.00%), linalool (26.10%)	[99]
Origanum acutidens (Turkey oregano)	MIC	C. albicans (A117)	10% DMSO	125.00 μg/mL	Carvacrol (72.00%)	[161]
Origanum microphyllum (oregano)	MIC	C. albicans	Tween 80	3.23 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (24.86%), -terpinene (13.83%), linalool (10.81%)	[162]
Origanum vulgare (oregano)	MIC	C. albicans	n.m.	2.00 μg/μL	Carvacrol (61.30%), thymol (13.90%)	[253]
	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC10231)	Tween 80	0.12% v/v	NCR	[236]
	ADM	C. albicans (NRRL y-12983)	n.m.	0.70 mg/mL	NCR	[249]
		C. albicans (ATCC 14053)
		C. albicans (NRRL y-869)
		C. albicans (NRRL y-22077)
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)
	MIC	C. albicans (NRRL 12983)			Cymene (25.00%), cymenol (58.6.00%)	[61]
		C. albicans (ATCC 14053)
		C. albicans (ATCC 90028)
		C. albicans (NRRL 22077)
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)
Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Greek oregano)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10239)	10% DMSO + Tween 80	85.30 μg/mL	Linalool (96.31%)	[165]
Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare (oregano)				128.00 μg/mL	Thymol (58.31%), carvacrol (16.11%), -cymene (13.45%)
Pelargonium graveolens (geranium)	ADM	C. albicans (NRRL y-12983)	n.m.	0.70 mg/mL	NCR	[249]
		C. albicans (ATCC 14053)
		C. albicans (NRRL y-869)
		C. albicans (NRRL y-22077)
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)
	MIC	C. albicans (NRRL 12983)	n.m.	0.12 mg/mL	Citronellol (47.30%)	[61]
		C. albicans (ATCC 14053)
		C. albicans (ATCC 90028)
		C. albicans (NRRL 22077)
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	n.m.	0.06 mg/mL
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	0.75 mg/mL	Citronellol (34.20%), geraniol (15.70%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.12%	NCR	[237]
Perovskia abrotanoides (Russian sage)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	10% DMSO	8.00 μL/mL	Camphor (23.00%), 1,8-cineole (22.00%), α-pinene 12.00%	[167]
Pimenta racemosa (West Indian bay)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.12% v/v	NCR	[236]
Pimpinella anisum (anise)	MAC83	C. albicans	n.m.	1.00% v/v	Anethole, anisaldehyde, linalool	[256]
	MIC		DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	Anethole (64.82%)	[118]
Pinus sylvestris (pine)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Bornyl acetate (42.30%), camphene (11.80%), -pinene (11.00%)	[99]
Piper nigrum (black pepper)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	β-Caryophyllene (33.80%), limonene (16.40%)	[99]
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Patchouli alcohol (37.30%), α-bulnesene (14.60%), -guaiene (12.50%)	[99]
Ricinus officinalis (rose)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	>3.00%	NCR	[75]
Rosa gallica (rose)	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	1.00–2.00%	NCR	[237]
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	1,8-Cineole (27.23%), -pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%)	[169]
				0.10% v/v	1,8-Cineole (26.54%), -pinene (20.14%), camphene (11.38%), camphor (12.88%)	[170]
		C. albicans (MTCC 1637)	n.m.	5.50 mg/mL	NCR	[171]
		C. albicans (10 antifungal-resistant isolates)		2.75–5.50 mg/mL
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	5.70 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (41.40%), -pinene (13.30%), camphor (12.40%)	[140]
				2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (48.00%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	1.00%	NCR	[237]
Salvia eremophila (sage)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	10% DMSO	13.00 μg/mL	Borneol (21.83%), -pinene (18.80%), bornyl acetate (18.68%)	[174]
Salvia officinalis (sage)	ADM90		Tween 80	0.50% v/v	NCR	[236]
Salvia ringens (sage)	MIC	C. albicans	n.m.	0.75 mg/mL	-Pinene (12.85%), 1,8-cineole (46.42%)	[177]
Salvia rosifolia (sage) (3 samples)	MIC	C. albicans	20% DMSO	500.00 μg/mL	-Pinene (15.70–34.80%), 1,8-cineole (16.60–25.10%), -pinene (6.70–13.50%)	[178]
Salvia sclarea (clary sage)	MIC	C. albicans (13 clinical isolates and 1 reference strain ATCC 10231)	1% DMSO	128.00–256.00 μg/mL	Linalyl acetate (56.88%), linalool (20.75%)	[257]
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	0.88 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (72.90%), linalool (11.90%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	2.00%	NCR	[237]
Santalum album (sandalwood)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.06% v/v	NCR	[236]
	MIC		Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	-Santalol (32.10%)	[99]
Santolina chamaecyparissus (santolina)	MIC	C. albicans (CBS 562 and 4 clinical isolates)	n.m.	0.25–>1.00 mg/mL	NCR	[240]
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Cinnamyl alcohol (44.80%), benzene propanol (21.70%)	[99]
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	ADM90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.12% v/v	NCR	[236]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	0.13% v/v	Eugenol (68.52%), β-caryophyllene (19.00%), 2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol acetate (10.15%)	[169]
			DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	Eugenol (84.07%), isoeugenol (10.39%)	[118]
	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	DMSO	0.64 μg/mL	Eugenol (85.30%)	[258]
		C. albicans (clinical isolate D5)
		C. albicans (clinical isolate D1)
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	0.50 mg/mL	Eugenol (82.20%), eugenol acetate (13.20%)	[99]
	ADM	C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)	Tween 20	0.12%	NCR	[237]
Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold)	MIC90	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	n.m.	115.00 μg/mL	Dihydrotagetone (33.90%), -ocimene (19.90%), tagetone (16.10%)	[159]
Tagetes patula (French marigold)	MIC		Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	( )--Ocimene (41.30%), -tagetone (11.20%), verbenone (10.90%)	[99]
Thymus broussonetii (thyme)	MAC	C. albicans (CCMM L4)	n.m.	0.25 mg/mL	Thymol (39.64%), carvacrol (21.31%), borneol (20.13%)	[259]
Thymus capitatus (thyme)	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	450.00 μg/mL	-Cymene (26.40%), thymol (29.30%), carvacrol (10.80%)	[181]
Thymus capitatus (thyme), commercial					-Pinene (25.20%), linalool (10.30%), thymol (46.10%)
Thymus herba-barona (thyme)	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2% DMSO	0.32 μL/mL	Carvacrol (54.00%), thymol (30.20%)	[246]
Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Limbara	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Tween 80	450.00 μg/mL	-Cymene (27.60%), thymol (50.30%)	[181]
Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Gennargentu				225.00 μg/mL	Thymol (46.90%), carvacrol (20.60%)
Thymus magnus (thyme)		C. albicans (KCCM 11282)	Ethanol and Tween 80	0.39 mg/mL	Thymol (39.80%)	[260]
Thymus maroccanus (thyme)	MAC	C. albicans (CCMM L4)	n.m.	0.25 mg/mL	Carvacrol (89.15%)	[259]
Thymus mastichina subsp. mastichina (thyme)		C. albicans (ATCC 10231, H37, M1)	n.m.	1.25–2.50 μL/mL	1,8-Cineole (67.40%)	[261]
Thymus quinquecostatus (thyme)	MIC	C. albicans (KCCM 11282)	Ethanol and Tween 80	0.39 mg/mL	Thymol (41.70%), -terpinene (16.00%)	[260]
Thymus schimperi (thyme)	ADM	C. albicans	DMSO	0.16 μL/mL	NCR	[232]
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	MIC	C. albicans	n.m.	4.00 μg/μL	Thymol (47.90%)	[253]
	MAC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231, H37, M1)		0.16–0.32 μL/mL	Carvacrol (70.30%), -cymene (11.70%)	[261]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	2.40 mg/mL	Thymol (47.20%), -cymene (22.10%)	[140]
				1.00 mg/mL	-Cymene (39.90%), thymol (20.70%)	[99]
Thymus x viciosoi (thyme)	MAC	C. albicans (clinical isolates M1, D5), C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	1% DMSO	0.04–0.64 μL/ mL	Carvacrol (30.0 0%), thymol (18.00 %), -cymene (19.0 0%)	[262]
Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris (thyme)		C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2% DMSO	0.32–1.25 μL/mL	-Cymene (11.00–17.00%), γ-terpinene (3.80–11.50%), linalool (3.50–30.00%), geraniol (0.10–19.80%), thymol (5.20–23.80%), carvacrol (1.30–25.00%), geranyl acetate (0.50–20.80%)	[263]
Thymus zygis subsp. zygis (thyme)		C. albicans (ATCC 10231, H37, M1)	n.m.	NI	Thymol (39.60%), -cymene (21.20%)	[261]
Vetiveria zizanioides/Andropogon muricatus (vetiver)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	NI	NCR	[75]
	MIC	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	Acetone	1.75 mg/mL	Zizanol (13.60%), -vetirenene (7.20%)	[99]
Zingiber officinalis (ginger)	ADM	C. albicans (clinical samples)	Tween 20	3.00%	NCR	[75]
		C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)				[237]

name (common name), part of plant (if applicable).
: microdilution method; MAC: macrodilution method; ADM: agar dilution method, CTA: contact time assay.
Type Culture Collection, Rockville, USA (ATCC); Colección Espanõla de Cultivos Tipo (CECT); collection of microorganisms of the Department of Microbiology (MFBF); culture collection of antibiotics-resistant microbes (CCRM); Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, clinical isolate (OGU); Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina (LM); Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC); Mycology Laboratory (LM); National Center of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM); National Collection of Type Cultures, London, Great Britain (NCTC); Spanish Collection of Type Cultures (STCC).
concentration was not included; n.m.: not mentioned.
: no inhibition.
: no composition results reported.