Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases

Table 9

Essential oil with essential oil combinations against skin pathogens.


Essential oil	Species strain			Reference

Aniba rosaeodora (rosewood) + Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	0.23	S	[85]

Boswellia papyrifera (frankincense) + Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	0.65	A	[117]
	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	1.21	I
	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	0.82	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.77

Boswellia neglecta (frankincense) + Commiphora guidotti (myrrh)	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	1.46	I	[117]
	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.59	A
	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	2.5	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	1.04
	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	0.67	A

Boswellia neglecta (frankincense) + Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	1.19	I	[117]
	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	3.65
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.6	A	[117]

Boswellia papyrifera (frankincense) + Commiphora guidotti (myrrh)	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	0.91	A	[117]
	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	1.21	I
	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	0.5	S
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.91	A

Boswellia rivae (frankincense) + Commiphora guidotti (myrrh)	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	1.3	I	[117]
	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	1.38
	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	2
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	1.2

Boswellia rivae (frankincense) + Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	0.67	A	[117]
	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	2.14	I
	S. aureus (ATCC 12600)	1.27
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.58	A

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) + Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	S. aureus (ATCC 29213)	1.8	I	[313]
	E. coli (ATCC 29252)	4.2	An

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) + Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	0.26	S	[85]

Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) + Cymbopogon giganteus (lemongrass)	E. coli (CIP 105182)	0.5	S	[124]
	S. aureus (ATCC 9144)	0.4

Cuminum cyminum (cumin) + Coriandrum sativum (coriander) seed	S. aureus (7 clinical isolates)	0.5	S	[122]
	E. coli (7 clinical isolates)

Juniperus communis (juniper berry) + Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	S. aureus (ATCC 25923)	0.74	A	[85]

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Angelica archangelica (angelica) root	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.07	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.67	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Anthemis nobilis (chamomile)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.33	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.84	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.54

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Citrus aurantium (petitgrain)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.13	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Citrus grandis (grapefruit)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.67	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Citrus sinensis (orange)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.38
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Citrus medica limonum (lemon)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	2.5	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Abies balsamea (fir)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.63	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	2.5	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Andropogon muricatus (vetiver)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.45	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.92	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	1.02	I

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Angelica archangelica (angelica) seed	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.83	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	2	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.75	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.67	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	1.25	I	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.5
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	1.02

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Cananga odorata heads (ylang-ylang)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.83	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.13	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	1.02

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Canarium luzonicum (elemi)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.25	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	3.33	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.53	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Carum carvi (caraway)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.56

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.4	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.5
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.53	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.29	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	1.03	I

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Cupressus sempervirens (cypress)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.15	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.58	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.53

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	6.67	An	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.55	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Cymbopogon nardus (citronella)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.75	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.53

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Daucus carota (carrot seed)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.5	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.56	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.38	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.5	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.53	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Foeniculum dulce (fennel)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.45	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	2	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.33	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.67	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Juniperus virginiana (juniper)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.5	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.55	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Juniperus virginiana berries (juniper)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.21	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.25	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Laurus nobilis (bay)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.83	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.7	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.6	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Litsea cubeba (May Chang)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.19	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.17	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	1.17	I	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.54	A
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.5	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.63	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.9	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	2	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Mentha piperita (peppermint)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.63	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.75
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Myrtus communis (myrrh)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.5	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	4	An
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Ocimum basilicum (basil)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.67	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.58
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.63

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Origanum majorana (marjoram)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	4	An
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Pelargonium odoratissimum (geranium)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	1.04	I	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.17
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.52	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Pinus sylvestris (pine)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.5	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.75	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	1

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Piper nigrum (black pepper)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.57

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.5	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.17	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.75	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Salvia sclarea (clary sage)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.73	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Santalum album (sandalwood)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	2.25	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.58

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.58	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	1.17	I
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.53	A

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Tagetes patula (French marigold)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.42	S	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.75	A
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) + Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)	0.67	A	[99]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.4	S
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	0.51	A

Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) + Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle)	S. aureus	n.m.	I	[115]
	E. coli
	P. aeruginosa
	C. albicans		A

Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) + Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	0.34	S	[85]

Mentha piperita (peppermint) + Ocimum basilicum (basil)	E. coli (CIP 105182)	0.29	S	[156]
	S. aureus (ATCC 9144)	0.36

Mentha piperita (peppermint) + Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	0.55	A	[85]

Ocimum basilicum (basil) + Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.38	S	[62]

Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	n.m.	A	[231]
	E. coli (10 clinical isolates, 2 extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing)
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		I
	P. aeruginosa (clinical isolate)		A

Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.38	S	[62]

Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	1.38	I	[314]
	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	1.17

Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Ocimum basilicum (basil)	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	0.75	A	[62]
	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	0.38	S
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	1	A	[314]
	E. coli (ATCC 25922)

Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Origanum majorana (marjoram)	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	1.75	I	[314]
	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	0.83	A

Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	1.5	I	[314]
	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	1.83

Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Salvia triloba (sage)	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	1.5	I	[314]
Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	0.88	A	[314]
Origanum vulgare (oregano) + Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)	S. aureus (5 clinical isolates)	0.5	S	[315]
Salvia officinalis (sage) + Thymus numidicus (thyme)	E. coli (clinical strain)	1.03	I	[176]

Syzygium aromaticum (clove) + Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)	S. aureus (ATCC 6538)	n.m.	A	[169]
	S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228)
	C. albicans (ATCC 10231)
	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		I
	E. coli (ATCC 8739)		A

Thymus vulgaris (thyme) + Pimpinella anisum (anise)	E. coli	n.m.	A	[168]
	P. aeruginosa		S
	S. aureus		A

.: not mentioned.
: synergy; A: additive; I: indifference; An: antagonism.