|
| Author, year | Study design | Sample size | Age, mean (SD) years | Study groups (pre/posttest) | Frequency and duration | Outcomes measured | Adverse events/follow-up |
|
| Li et al., 2015 | RCT | 222 healthy college students | 20.78 (1.10) | BG (111/101) | BG: five one-hour Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 12 weeks | Quality of life (WHOQOL); sleep quality (PSQI); physical health (step test; vital capacity; systolic and diastolic pressures; resting heart rate; sit-and-reach test for flexibility; standing long jump/m; handgrip strength) | NAE/12-week follow-up |
| CG (111/105) | CG: keep original physical activity habit during the 12-week intervention period |
|
| Wang, 2011 | RCT | 62 healthy college students | BG: 19.35 (0.88) | BG (27/27) | BG: three 60-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions for 8 weeks | Quality of life (CSWQ) | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 19.20 (1.67) | CG (35/35) | CG: keep original lifestyle |
|
| Y. Liu et al., 2012 | RCT | 88 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | BG: 62.64 (5.98) | BG (44/33) | BG: five 40-minute Baduanjin
Qigong sessions weekly for 12 weeks | Quality of life (DMQLS) | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 65.64 (8.38) | CG (44/36) | CG: one 30-minute educational sessions relating to diabetes biweekly for 6 weeks |
|
| Hu and Gu, 2014 | RCT | 109 healthy older adults with sedentary lifestyle | BG: 1 (6.87) | BG (57/55) | BG: four-to-seven 30–60-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions for 6 months | Quality of life (SF-36); physical health (systolic and diastolic pressures; vital capability; handgrip strength; balance) | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 17 (8.04) | CG (54/54) | CG: keep original lifestyle |
|
| Liu et al., 2014 | RCT | 108 patients with chronic diseases | BG: 67.1 (6.18) | BG (54/48) | BG: two 30-to-40-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 12 weeks, with a combination of home-based practice by watching Baduanjin Qigong DVD | Primary outcome: quality of life (SF-36) | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 66.63 (5.98) | CG (54/47) | CG: two 40-to-60-minute group walking weekly for 12 weeks, with a combination of self-walking at medium speed |
|
| Xiu, 2015 | RCT | 70 patients with cancer | Not report | BG (36/36) | BG: regular care and
Baduanjin Qigong exercise (two 30-minute sessions per day for 8 weeks, with seven days weekly) | Quality of life (EORTC-QLQ-C30) | Not mentioned/not
mentioned |
| CG (34/34) | CG: regular care |
|
| Li et al., 2014 | RCT | 40 patients with type 2 diabetes | BG: 53.6 (8.7) | BG (20/20) | BG: seven 30-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 4 weeks | Sleep quality (PSQI) | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 51.4 (9.2) | CG (20/20) | CG: educational sessions relating to diabetes mellitus |
|
| Chan et al., 2014 | RCT | 150 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness | BG: 19.1 (7.8) | BG (75/65) | BG: 16 90-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions for nice consecutive weeks | Sleep quality (PSQI) | No adverse events/three-month follow-up |
| CG: 38.9 (8.1) | CG (75/65) | CG: keep original lifestyle |
|
| Wang et al., 2009 | RCT | 60 patients with type 2 diabetes | Mean age of 57.8 | BG (30/23) | BG: not mentioned the frequency but 2 months | Sleep quality (PSQI) | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG (30/29) | CG: keep original lifestyle. All three groups had regular healthcare |
|
| Xiao and Zhuang, 2016 | RCT | 96 patients with mild-to moderate Parkinson’s disease | 67.53 (8.56) | BG (48/45) | BG: four 45-minute sessions weekly and daily walking 30 minutes for six months | Sleep quality (Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale 2 (PDSS2)); balance (BBS); mobility (TUG); 6-minute walking | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG (48/44) | CG: daily walking for 20 minutes |
|
| Chen et al., 2012 | RCT | 60 patients with essential hypertension | BG: age ranges from 62 to 73 | BG (30/30) | BG: educational lessons and Baduanjin Qigong training (three-to-four Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly, with 1-hour training twice per day) | Sleep quality (PSQI); blood pressure (systolic and diastolic pressures) | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: age ranges from 60 to 75 | CG (30/30) | CG: hypertension-related educational lessons |
|
| Li et al., 2014 | RCT | 110 healthy sedentary adults | BG: 35.5 (16) | BG (55/46) | BG: more than three 30–60-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 16 weeks | Physical health: sit-and-reach test for flexibility; stork balance test; aerobic endurance; blood pressures (systolic and diastolic pressures); vital capacity | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 32.9 (13) | CG (55/55) | CG: keep original lifestyle |
|
| Zheng et al., 2014 | RCT | 60 old patients with essential hypertension (EH) grade one | BG: 69.23 (3.72) | BG (30/27) | BG: five 30-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 12 weeks; regular drug treatment and care | Diastolic and systolic pressures | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 70.06 (3.51) | CG (30/28) | CG: regular drug treatment and care |
|
| Qiu et al., 2014 | RCT | 100 healthy college students | Age ranges from 18 to 25 | BG (50/50) | BG: five 50-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 18 weeks | Handgrip strength; sit-and-reach test for flexibility; stork balance; standing long jump; aerobic endurance (step test); blood pressures (systolic and diastolic pressures); vital capacity; resting heart rate | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG (50/50) | CG: keep original lifestyle |
|
| Zhai et al., 2013 | RCT | 44 healthy older adults with sedentary lifestyle | BG: 64.9 (2.5) | BG (22/22) | BG: five 40-to-50-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for eight weeks | Handgrip strength; stork balance test; vital capacity; blood pressures (systolic and diastolic pressures) | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 64.8 (2.7) | CG (22/22) | CG: keep original lifestyle |
|
| An et al., 2008 | RCT | 28 female patients with knee osteoarthritis | BG: 65.4 (8.2) | BG (14/11) | BG: five 30-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions (taped command) weekly for 8 weeks | 6-minute walk test | Not mentioned |
| CG: 64.6 (6.7) | CG (14/10) | CG: regular healthcare |
|
| A. L. Liu et al., 2012 | RCT | 60 college students with a score of PSQI ≥ 8 | Not mentioned | BG (30/30) | BG: five 45-to-60-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 10 weeks | Handgrip strength; stock balance test; sit-and-reach test; vital capacity; resting heart rate | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG (30/30) | CG: keep original lifestyle |
|
| Pan and Feng, 2010 | RCT | 48 patients with essential hypertension (EH) grade one | BG: 62.1 (5.8) | BG (24/24) | BG: ten 45-minute
Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 24 weeks (twice per day), plus regular drug treatment | Systolic and diastolic pressures | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG: 61.4 (7.1) | CG (24/24) | CG: regular drug treatment |
|
| Qin, 2012 | RCT | 20 healthy college students | Age ranges from 21 to 22 | BG (10/10) | BG: five 60-minute Baduanjin Qigong sessions weekly for 20 weeks | Resting heart rate; systolic and diastolic pressures | Not mentioned/not mentioned |
| CG (10/10) | CG: keep original lifestyle |
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