Whole Medical Systems versus the System of Conventional Biomedicine: A Critical, Narrative Review of Similarities, Differences, and Factors That Promote the Integration Process
Table 2
Differences between conventional medicine and whole medical systems (WMSs).
ā
Conventional medicine
WMSs
Worldview/philosophy
Biomedical/humanistic model
Holistic/spiritual/bio-psycho-spiritual-social model
Health
Default situation of the machine
Result of self-regulating inner activity (e.g., of the organism or psychosocial)
Restoring wholeness/balance
(Re)establishment of the harmony between the functions of body, soul and spirit
Disease
Breakdown of the machine
Expression of system imbalance and/or insufficiency of the wholeness creating forces
Deviance from biological norms
Disequilibrium between biological, psychological, social and spiritual forces
Has no intrinsic meaning
Entails a potential for human development
Diagnosis
Group level (often, not always)
Individual level
System level
Treatment
Group-oriented guidelines/protocols (often)
Complex individualized interventions
Fighting disease
Health promotion
Requires external resources
Requires internal resources/body, mind and spirit are interrelated and must all be considered in healing
Use of pharmacotherapy with predominantly specific effects and high use of technology
Use of WMS pharmacotherapy and nonmedicinal therapies with system effects