Insights into the Action Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Osteoarthritis

Figure 1

The activity of NF-κB signaling in OA chondrocytes. NF-κB signaling may be activated by many detrimental stimuli, such as IL-1, TNF, and LPS, leading to upregulation of MMPs, COX-2, iNOS, and IL. Crosstalk with MAPK also promotes NF-κB signaling.