Extraoral Taste Receptor Discovery: New Light on Ayurvedic Pharmacology

Table 1

Expression of taste receptor elements and other chemosensorial transducers in various organs or tissues (BAT: brown adipose tissue, H: evidence of TR expression in human tissues, and ?: not yet studied).

Organ	Sweet; (T1R)	Bitter; (T2R)	Sour; (T2P)	Salty; (ENaC)	Pungent; (TRP)
Stomach	(+) [22]	(+H) [23, 24]	(+H) [25, 26]	(+H) [27]	(+) [28]
Small intestine	(+) [29]	(+) [24]	(+H) [25]	(+) [30]	(+H) [31]
Colon	(+) [23]	(+H) [32]	(+H) [33]	(+) [34]	(+H) [35]
Pancreas	(+) [36]	(+H) [37]	(+H) [25, 33]	(+H) [38, 39]	(+H) [40]
Spleen	(+H) [41, 42]	(+H) [41, 42]	(+H) [25]	(+H) [27]	(+) [43]
Liver	+ bile ducts; (−) hepatocytes [44]	(+H) [41, 42]	(+H) [25]	(+H) [27, 39]	(+) [43]
Kidney	(+) [45]	(+H) [41, 42, 46]	(+H) [25, 47]	(+H) [39]	(+) [48]
Urinary bladder	(+) [49]	(+H) [41, 42]	(+H) [50]	(+H) [51]	(+H) [52]
Heart	(+) [20]	(+) [53]	(+) [33, 54, 55]	(+H) [27]	(+) [56]
Vessels	?	(+) [57]	(+) [54]	(+) [58]	(+H) [59]
Brain	(+) [16]	(+) [60]	(+H) [54, 61, 62]	(+H) [38, 63]	(+) [43]
Respiratory system	(+) [64]	(+) [65]	(+H) [25]	(+H) [39]	(+H) [66]
Adipose tissue	(+) [21]	(+) [67]	(+BAT) [68]	?	(+) [43]
Bone	?	(+) osteoclasts [69]	(+H) [70, 71]	(+H) [72, 73]	(+H) [74]
Bone marrow	?	(+) [75]	(+H) [76]	(+H) [27]	(+) [77]
Joints	?	?		(+H) [78]	(+) [79]
Leukocytes	(+H) [80, 81]	(+) [82]	(+) [83]	(+H) [27]	(+H) [84]
Testis, sperm	(+) [85]	(+) [86]	(+) [87]	(+H) [27, 38]	(+) [43, 88]
Ovary	?	(+) [60]	(+) [89]	(+H) [38]	(+) [90, 91]
Uterus	?	(+H) [41, 42]	(+H) [25]	(+) [92]	(+) [93]
Breast	(+H) [41, 42]	(+) [94]	(+) [95]	(+H) [96]	(+) [97]
Skin	?	(+H) [98]	(+) [99]	(+) [100]	(+H) [101, 102]
Thyroid	?	(+) [103]	(+H) [104]	(+) [105]	?
Thymus	(+H) [81]	(+) [60]	(+H) [106]	(+H) [27]	?
Adrenal glands	(+) [107]	(+H) [41, 42]	(+) [108]	(+H) [27]	?
Pituitary gland	(+H) [41, 42]	(+H) [41, 42]	(+H) [25]	?	?