The Antidiabetic Activity of Nigella sativa and Propolis on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy in Male Rats

Table 3

Effect of treating diabetic rats with methanolic extracts of N. sativa and propolis for 4 weeks on kidney functions and electrolytes.

Parameters	Statistics	G1; N. control	G2; P. control	G3; N. sativa extract	G4; Propolis extract
Serum urea (mg/dL)	Mean ± SE
	LSD
	0.05 = 2.705
	t-test	—	−29.16	25.28	27.26
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	Mean ± SE
	LSD
	0.05 = 0.318
	t-test	—	−14.90	6.70	11.66
Serum uric acid (mg/dL)	Mean ± SE
	LSD
	0.05 = 0.179
	t-test	—	−59.53	31.01	28.46
Urinary albumin (mg/dL)	Mean ± SE
	LSD
	0.05 = 14.333
	t-test	—	−47.24	20.85	29.03
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL)	Mean ± SE
	LSD
	0.05 = 2.405
	t-test	—	84.90	−7.57	−70.58
Serum Na^+ (mmol/L)	Mean ± SE
	LSD
	0.05 = 1.996
	t-test	—	19.85	−8.99	−24.11
Serum K^+ (mmol/L)	Mean ± SE
	LSD
	0.05 = 0.169
	t-test	—	17.39	−10.25	−13.37

Data are represented as mean ± SE. t-test values: : significant at . ANOVA analysis: within each row, means with different superscript (a, b, c, or d) are significantly different at , whereas means with the same superscript letters mean that there is no significant difference at . LSD: least significant difference; NS: nonsignificant.