Prescribed Renoprotective Chinese Herbal Medicines Were Associated with a Lower Risk of All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-Based Follow-Up Study in Taiwan

Table 2

Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of all-cause and CKD-related mortality of 11,625 CKD patients.

Variables	All-cause mortality			CKD related mortality
	HR	95% CI	value	HR	95% CI	value
Gender (male)	1.2	1.1–1.4	0.007	1.0	0.8–1.3	0.937
Age (year)
<40	Reference	—	—	Reference	—	—
40–55	4.3	2.7–6.9	<0.001	4.2	2.0–8.9	<0.001
56–70	6.4	4.1–10.0	<0.001	4.6	2.2–9.6	<0.001
>70	14.7	9.4–23.0	<0.001	10.1	4.9–20.8	<0.001
Monthly wage (NTD)
≤15840	Reference	—	—	Reference	—	—
15841–19200	0.6	0.5–0.7	<0.001	0.6	0.5–0.8	<0.001
>19200	0.4	0.3–0.5	<0.001	0.3	0.2–0.6	<0.001
Hypertension	1.4	1.2–1.7	<0.001	1.6	1.2–2.2	0.004
Diabetes mellitus	1.2	1.1–1.4	0.005	1.3	1.0–1.7	0.027
Ever being hospitalized before CKD	2.5	2.1–2.9	<0.001	4.5	3.5–5.8	<0.001
COPD	1.2	1.0–1.4	0.014	—	—	—
Use of NSAIDs or analgesics > 104 pills/year	1.8	1.4–2.4	<0.001	1.7	1.0–2.9	0.043
Receipt of erythropoietin	1.4	1.1–1.7	0.007	1.8	1.3–2.5	<0.001
Current RPCHM use
None	Reference	—	—	Reference	—	—
Other RPCHMs	0.6	0.4–0.9	0.013	0.7	0.4–1.4	0.346
Angelicasinensis	0.6	0.4–0.8	<0.001	0.6	0.4–0.9	0.025
Ever use of PRCHMs	1.0	0.8–1.2	0.790	0.9	0.7–1.3	0.722

CCI: Charlson’s Comorbidity Index; CI: confidence interval; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR: hazard ratio; NTD: New Taiwan dollars; RPCHMs: renoprotective Chinese herbal medicines.