Parasite Killing of Leishmania (V) braziliensis by Standardized Propolis Extracts

Figure 9

Modulation of oxidative response by propolis extract treatment. Quantification of mediators of oxidative stress released by propolis extract-treated (V) braziliensis-infected macrophages, stimulated by IFN-γ or not, and measured in cellular supernatant, as described in Materials and Methods: (a) nitric oxide; (b) superoxide; (c) superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test, followed by Dunn’s posttest, was used to compare among experimental groups ( and ).

(a)

(b)

(c)