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| Phytoconstituent | Test | Observation |
|
| Tannins (Braymer’s Test) | 2 ml extract + 2 ml H2O + 2-3 drops of FeCl3 (5%) | Green precipitate |
| Flavonoids | 1 ml extract + 1 ml Pb(OAc)4 (10%) | Yellow colouration |
| Phenols | 2 ml extract 2 ml of 2% FeCl3 | Blue/black colouration |
| Saponins | (a) 5 ml extract + 5 ml H2O + heat | Froth appears |
| (b) 5 ml extract + olive oil (few drops) | Emulsion forms |
| Steroids (Salkowski Test) | 2 ml extract + 2 ml CHCl3 + 2 ml H2SO4 (conc.) | Reddish brown ring at the junction |
| Phlobatannins (Precipitate Test) | 2 ml extract + 2 ml HCl (1%) + heat | Red precipitate |
| Glycosides (Liebermann’s Test) | 2 ml extract + 2 ml CHCl3 + 2 ml CH3COOH | Violet to blue to green colouration |
| Coumarins | 2 ml extract + 3 ml NaOH (10%) | Yellow colouration |
| Proteins (Xanthoproteic Test) | 1 ml extract + 1 ml H2SO4 (conc.) | White precipitate |
| Anthraquinones (Borntrager’s Test) | 3 ml extract + 3 ml benzene + 5 ml NH3 (10%) | Pink, violet, or red colouration in ammonical layer |
| Anthocyanins | 2 ml extract + 2 ml HCl (2N) + NH3 | Pinkish red to bluish violet colouration |
| Leucoanthocyanins turns | 5 ml extract + 5 ml isoamyl alcohol | Organic layer into red |
| Carbohydrates | 2 ml extract + 2 ml iodine | A dark blue or deep purple colouration |
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