Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.: Traditional and Commercial Uses and Phytochemical and Pharmacological Significance in the African and Indian Subcontinent

Table 4

Summary of pharmacological activities of the extracts isolated from different parts of Lippia javanica.

Activity tested	Extract	Plant part	Model	Effect	Reference
Antiamoebic	Piperitenone 162	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active with IC50 value of 25 μg/mL against E. histolytica	[73]
Antibacterial	Piperitenone 162	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active with MIC value of 50 μg/mL against A. calcoaceticus, M. kristinae (50 μg/mL), S. typhi (25 μg/mL), and S. aureus (12 μg/mL)	[73]
Antibacterial (Antiproteus)	Methanol	Leaves	Disc diffusion assay	Active withMIC value of 313 μg/mL against P. mirabilis and 926 μg/mL against P. vulgaris	[74]
	Water	Leaves	Disc diffusion assay	Exhibited weak activity against P. mirabilis with MIC value of 1873 μg/mL and 1768 μg/mL against P. vulgaris	[74]
Antibacterial	Acetone	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against E. coli withMIC value of 0.64 mg/mL, E. faecalis (0.64), P. aeruginosa (0.32), and S. aureus (0.64). Total activity MIC values were as follows: E. coli (127 mg/mL), E. faecalis (127 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (253 mg/mL), and S. aureus (127 mg/mL)	[75]
	Acetone	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against B. cereus with MIC value of 3 mg/mL, Bacillus pumilus (6 mg/mL), B. subtilis (>12 mg/mL), S. aureus (12 mg/mL), E. faecalis (6 mg/mL), E. cloacae (6 mg/mL), E. coli (6 mg/mL), Pantoea agglomerans (12 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (12 mg/mL), Shigella flexneri (1.5 mg/mL), Aeromonas hydrophila (12 mg/mL), P. mirabilis (>12 mg/mL), K. pneumoniae (12 mg/mL), Salmonella choleraesuis (6 mg/mL), and Serratia marcescens (>12 mg/mL)	[17]
	Hexane	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against B. cereus with MIC value of 12 mg/mL, B. pumilus (12 mg/mL), B. subtilis (12 mg/mL), S. aureus (6 mg/mL), E. faecalis (12 mg/mL), E. cloacae (12 mg/mL), E. coli (6 mg/mL), P. agglomerans (12 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (12 mg/mL), S. flexneri (6 mg/mL), A. hydrophila (12 mg/mL), P. mirabilis (12 mg/mL), K. pneumoniae (12 mg/mL), S. choleraesuis (6 mg/mL), and antiamoebic effect (12 mg/mL)	[17]
	Methanol	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against B. cereus with MIC values of 1.5 mg/mL, B. pumilus (6 mg/mL), B. subtilis (>12 mg/mL), S. aureus (12 mg/mL), E. faecalis (3 mg/mL), E. cloacae (6 mg/mL), E. coli (6 mg/mL), P. agglomerans (12 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (12 mg/mL), S. flexneri (1.5 mg/mL), A. hydrophila (6 mg/mL), P. mirabilis (>12 mg/mL), K. pneumoniae (12 mg/mL), S. choleraesuis (6 mg/mL), and S. marcescens (12 mg/mL)	[17]
	Essential oil	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against B. cereus with MIC values of 6 mg/mL, B. pumilus (6 mg/mL), B. subtilis (3 mg/mL), S. aureus (1.5 mg/mL), E. faecalis (3 mg/mL), E. cloacae (12 mg/mL), E. coli (6 mg/mL), P. agglomerans (6 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (12 mg/mL), S. flexneri (3 mg/mL), A. hydrophila (3 mg/mL), P. mirabilis (>12 mg/mL), K. pneumoniae (3 mg/mL), S. choleraesuis (1.5 mg/mL), and S. marcescens (>12 mg/mL)	[17]
	Methanol	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against E. faecalis with MIC value of 0.14 mg/mL	[7]
	Methanol	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against E. coli with MIC value of 0.31 mg/mL	[7]
	Methanol	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against P. aeruginosa with MIC value of 0.42 mg/mL	[7]
	Methanol	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against S. aureus with MIC value of 0.13 mg/mL	[7]
Antifungal	Acetone	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against C. albicans with MIC value of >7.5 mg/mL, C. krusei (1.88 mg/mL), and C. neoformans (>7.5 mg/mL)	[7]
	Hexane	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against C. albicans with MIC value of >3.75 mg/mL, C. krusei (3.75 mg/mL), and C. neoformans (>7.5 mg/mL)	[7]
	Acetone	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active against C. krusei with MFC value of 7.5 mg/mL	[7]
	Dichloromethane	Aerial parts	Microdilution assay	Active against Fusarium proliferatum with MIC value of 0.14 mg/mL and Fusarium verticillioides (0.19 mg/mL)	[76]
	Hexane	Aerial parts	Microdilution assay	Active against F. proliferatum with MIC value of 0.23 mg/mL and F. verticillioides (0.45 mg/mL)	[76]
	Methanol	Aerial parts	Microdilution assay	Active against F. proliferatum with MIC value of 1.77 mg/mL and F. verticillioides (0.43 mg/mL)	[76]
	Methanol	Aerial parts	Microdilution assay	Active against F. proliferatum with MIC value of >2.50 mg/mL and F. verticillioides (>2.50 mg/mL)	[76]
Antimycobacterial	Acetone	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active with MIC value of 0.47 mg/mL and total activity of 10 mL/g against M. smegmatis	[77]
	Dichloromethane	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active with MIC value of 1.25 mg/mL and total activity of 23 mL/g against M. smegmatis	[77]
	Hexane	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active with MIC value of 0.62 mg/mL and total activity of 13 mL/g against M. smegmatis	[77]
	Methanol	Leaves	Microdilution assay	Active with MIC value of 1.25 mg/mL and total activity of 7 mL/g against M. smegmatis	[77]
Antioxidant	Water	Leaves	DPPH assay	Exhibited activity with EC50 value of 358 μg/mL	[7]
	Water	Leaves	—	Exhibited activity with 209 ascorbic acid equivalent (mg/g dry weight)	[7]
	Water	Leaves	ABTS assay	Active with TEAC value of 1.5 mmol/100 g	[78]
	Water	Leaves	DPPH assay	Active with TEAC value of 1462.54 mmol/100 g	[78]
	Water	Leaves	FRAP assay	Active with TEAC value of 2.38 mmol/100 g	[78]
Antiplasmodial	Hexane, chloroform	Roots	Microdilution assay	Active against P. falciparum chloroquine sensitive with IC50 value of  μg/mL	[79]
	Ethyl acetate	Roots	Microdilution assay	Active against P. falciparum chloroquine sensitive with IC50 value of  μg/mL	[79]
	Methanol	Roots	Microdilution assay	Active against P. falciparum chloroquine sensitive with IC50 value of  μg/mL	[79]
	Hexane, chloroform	Roots	Microdilution assay	Active against P. falciparum chloroquine resistant with IC50 value of  μg/mL	[79]
	Ethyl acetate	Roots	Microdilution assay	Active against P. falciparum chloroquine resistant with IC50 value of  μg/mL	[79]
	Methanol	Roots	Microdilution assay	Active against P. falciparum chloroquine resistant with IC50 value of  μg/mL	[79]
	Dichloromethane	Roots	pLDH assay	Active against P. falciparum withIC50 value of 3.8 μg/mL	[80]
	Dichloromethane/methanol	Roots	pLDH assay	Active against P. falciparum withIC50 value of 27 μg/mL	[80]
	Methanol	Roots	pLDH assay	Active against P. falciparum withIC50 value of 24 μg/mL	[80]
	Water	Roots	pLDH assay	Active against P. falciparum with IC50 value of >100 μg/mL	[80]
	Dichloromethane	Stems	pLDH assay	Active against P. falciparum withIC50 value of 4.5 μg/mL	[80]
	Dichloromethane/methanol	Stems	pLDH assay	Active against P. falciparum withIC50 value of 21.8 μg/mL	[80]
	Methanol	Stems	pLDH assay	Active against P. falciparum with IC50 value of 29.8 μg/mL	[80]
	Water	Stems	pLDH assay	Active against P. falciparum withIC50 value of >100 μg/mL	[80]
Free radical scavenging activity	Water	—	DPPH assay	Active with IC50 value of  g/mL	[11]
	50% methanol	—	DPPH assay	Active with IC50 value of  g/mL	[11]
	Ethanol	—	DPPH assay	Active with IC50 value of  g/mL	[11]
	50% ethanol	—	DPPH assay	Active with IC50 value of  g/mL	[11]
	Acetone	—	DPPH assay	Active with IC50 value of  g/mL	[11]
	50% acetone	—	DPPH assay	Active with IC50 value of  g/mL	[11]
	Ethyl acetate	—	DPPH assay	Active with IC50 value of  g/mL	[11]
Toxicity	Methanol	Leaf	Brine shrimp lethality assay	40% mortality recorded after 48 h exposure towards Artemia nauplii	[74]
	Methanol	Roots	Brine shrimp lethality assay	Active against P. falciparum chloroquine sensitive with IC50 value of 843.0 μg/mL	[79]
	Methanol	Roots	Brine shrimp lethality assay	Active against P. falciparum chloroquine resistant with IC50 value of 650.3 μg/mL	[79]