Restructuring Reward Mechanisms in Nicotine Addiction: A Pilot fMRI Study of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement for Cigarette Smokers

Table 3

Clinical measures.

(a) Smoking behavior

	Group		Overall model
	MORE	Control	t ()	p
Cigarette reduction	66% (10%)	5% (13)	3.7 (2.06)	0.003
CO (ppm)			F/t ()	p
Group × time			1.71 (.791)	0.22
Main effect of time			0.77 (.531)	0.45
MORE	27.3 (6.7)	22.6 (7.5)	2.28 (.253)	0.06
CG	24.3 (7.2)	25.8 (8.1)	0.34 (.055)	0.75

(b) Self-reported affect

	Group		Overall model
	MORE	Control	F ()	p
PANAS Ppsitive	Group × time		11.1 (2.02)	0.007
Exp	30.0 (2.5)	30.5 (3.0)
Exp	35.0 (2.7)	24.8 (3.3)
PANAS negative			0.07 (.16)	0.79
Exp	15.4 (1.9)	13.2 (2.1)
Exp	14.4 (1.4)	11.5 (1.5)

(c) State craving on fMRI visit

	Group		Overall model
	MORE	Control	F	p
Craving	Group × time		0.07 (.16)	0.8
	2.7 (.7)	1.3 (.8)
	2.4 (.7)	.83 (.7)
Urge to smoke	Group × time		1.8 (.811)	0.2
	2.7 (.7)	2.5 (.75)
	2.3 (.7)	3.0 (.8)