Fruits and leaves: 95%/cabraleadiol (1), cabraleahydroxylactone (2), ethyl eichlerianoate (3), eichlerialactone (4), aglinin A (5), cabralealactone (6), aglaialactone (7), flavagline (8) were isolated from the extract
Compounds 3, 4,7 showed anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC of 25 µg/ml which is better than compounds 1, 2, 6,8 with the MIC value of 50 µg/ml, while compound 5 showed weaker activity (MIC, >200 µg/ml) [60].
Nil.
Allium odorum L.
Liliaceae
Kucai
Leaves: 80% methanol
The extract was active against H37Rv strain at MIC 1600 µg/ml [57].
Rhizome: chloroform methanol water Compound 1′acetoxychavicol acetate (1) was isolated from chloroform extract of rhizome
The crude chloroform, methanol, water extract of the rhizomes exhibited activity against H37Ra strain at MIC of 0.12, 1000, and 1000 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC value for the isolated compound (1) was 0.024 µg/ml [50].
The extract showed inhibition against H37Rv strain at the MIC 1600 µg/ml [57].
Alpinia purpurata K. Schum.
Zingiberaceae
Luyang pula
Leave: methanol/compounds β-sitosteryl-β-D-galactoside (1), β-sitosteryl-3-O-6′-palmityl-β-D-glucoside (2), kumatakenin (3) were isolated from the extract
At 100 µg/ml, the methanolic extract of leaves showed 90% inhibition against H37Rv. All isolated compounds 1, 2, 3 showed MIC > 128 µg/ml [67].
Leaves: methanol/19,20E-vallesamine (1), a mixture of angustilobine B N4-oxide (2), N4-methyl angustilobine B (3), 20S-tubotaiwine (4), 6,7-seco-angustilobine B (5), (+)-manilamine (6) were obtained from the extract
Only 4 exhibited activity at MIC of 100 µg/ml, against, while all other compounds like 1, 2, 3, 5,6 showed activity with >128 µg/ml [69].
Anisochilus harmandii Doan ex Suddee & A. J. Paton
Lamiaceae
Chroomuay
Aerial part: hexane and EtOAc/pimaric acid (1), 9α-13α-epidioxyabiet-8(14)-en-18-oic acid (2), 15-hydrooxydehydroabietic acid (3) were isolated from the extract
1, 2, 3 all showed anti-TB activity at MIC, 50 µg/ml [74].
Nil.
Annona muricata L.
Annonaceae
Sirsak
Leaves: aqueous
The extract at concentration of 5 mg/ml showed 82.1% inhibition against H37Rv and 50.0% against MDR strain [71].
Stem bark: 80% ethanol, dichloromethane and water/(2S)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavanone (1), 9-methoxyliriodenine (4), Liriodenine (5) were isolated from the extract
Compounds (5), (1), (4) demonstrated anti-TB activity against H37Ra using MABA with the MIC values of 100, 200, 200 µg/ml, respectively [78].
Root bark: flavonoid 7-demethylartonol E (1), chromone artorigidusin (2), xanthone artonol B (3), flavonoid artonin F (4), flavonoid cycloartobiloxanthone (5), xanthone artoindonesianin C (6), all isolated from n-hexane, chloroform, methanol extracts
All the isolated compounds showed activity again H37Ra in MABA with compound 4 being the most active compound (MIC 6.25 µg/ml). This was followed by compounds 2 and 6 (MIC 12.5 µg/ml) and compounds 5, 1,3 with the MIC of 25, 50, 100 µg/ml, respectively [81].
Chloroform extract of stem exhibited inhibition at MIC of 500 µg/ml against H37Ra strain while methanol and water extract showed activities at 1000 µg/ml [50].
Blumea balsamifera DC.
Asteraceae
Sembung utan
Not stated
At 500 µg/ml, the extract exhibited 96.0 and 82.0% inhibition against H37Rv and MDR, respectively, in LRP assay [47].
Both methanol and water extracts of rhizome exhibited inhibitory activity in MABA against H37Ra strain at the MIC of 62.5 µg/ml, while chloroform extract showed activity at 1000 µg/ml MIC [50].
Whole plant: dichloromethane/goyazensolides (1), lychnophorolides A (2), centratherin or lychnophorolides B (3), isogoyazensolides (4), isocentratherin (5), 5-epi- isogoyazensolides (7), 5-epi-isocentratherin (8), 1(10),E,4Z,11(13)-germacratriene-12,6-olide-15-oic acid (9), caffeic acid methyl ester (10) were isolated from the extract
Compound 4 was the most active against H37Ra strain with MIC value of 1.5 µg/ml, followed by compounds 1, 2, 5, 7,8 with the same MIC value of 3.1 µg/ml. Compounds 3, 9,10 showed less activities with the MIC values of 6.2, 50, and 25 µg/ml, respectively [88].
Nil.
Capsicum annum L.
Solanaceae
Cili
Fruit: 80% methanol
The extract showed activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 µg/ml [57].
Stem bark: hexane and dichloromethane/bioactive compounds, Caseargrewiin A (1), Caseargrewiin B (2), Caseargrewiin C (3), Caseargrewiin D (4), rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18,19-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6-methoxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene (5) and rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18,19-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene (6) were isolated from the extract
1, 2, 4, 5,6 all exhibited good anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with MICs of 12.5 µg/ml while 3 showed moderate activity with MIC of 25 µg/ml [90].
78.5 and 50.0% inhibition were observed at 5 mg/ml concentration against H37Rv and MDR, respectively [71].
Chisocheton penduliflorus Planch. ex Hiern
Meliaceae
Wood and leaves: 95% methanol/cabraleadiol (1), allo-aromadendrane-10β, 14-diol (2), allo-aromadendrane-10α, 14-diol (3) eichlerialactone (4), cabraleahydroxylactone (5), cabralealactone (6), allo-aromadendrane-10β,13,14-triol (7) were isolated from the extract
Compound 4 showed good anti-TB activity against H37Ra with the MIC value of 25 µg/ml, better than 1, 2, 5, 6,7 with the MICs of 50 µg/ml, while compound 3 showed weaker activity (MIC, 100 µg/ml) [94].
Nil.
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.
Asteraceae
Agonoi
Flowers: isosakuranetin (1), 4′-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyflavanone (2), acacetin (3), luteolin (4), all isolated from chloroform extract
The compounds isolated exhibited activities against H37Ra at different MIC values (µg/ml) 174.8 (1), 606.0 (2), 704.2 (3), 699.3 (4) [95].
Dentatin (1), nordentatin (2), clausenidin (3), O-methylated clausenidin (4), 3-formylcarbazole (5), mukonal (6), 3-methoxycarbonylcarbazole (7), 2-hydroxy-formyl-7-methoxycarbazole (8), clauszoline (9); compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 8,9 where isolated from the chloroform extract of rhizomes; compound 3 was isolated from crude hexane extract of rhizome. Methylation of compound 3 gave rise to compound 4; compound 10 was isolated from crude chloroform extract of the root
Compounds 1, 4,7, isolated, were more active against H37Ra with MIC of 50 µg/ml; this is followed by 2, 5, 8,9 with MIC of 100 µg/ml, while compounds 3 and 6 are with MIC of 200 µg/ml [100].
Roots: acetone/fluroclausine A (1) and heptazoline (2) were obtained from the extract
Using the green fluorescent protein microplate assay (GFPMA), both 1 and 2 exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the same IC50 value of 25 µg/ml [102].
Root: dichloromethane/Globiferin (1), cordiachrome B (2), cordiachrome C (3), cordiaquinol C (4), alliodorin (5), elaeagin (6), cordiachromene (7) were isolated from the extract
Compounds 1, 2,3 displayed good activity (MIC, 6.2, 12.5, 1.5 µg/ml resp.) using MABA against H37Ra, followed by 5, 6,7 (MIC, 12.5 µg/ml) and then 4 with MIC of 25 µg/ml [112].
Leaves: crude dichloromethane extract. ent-8,9-seco-7α,11β-diacetoxykaura-8(14),16-dien-9,15-dione (1), ent-8,9-seco-8,14-epoxy-7α-hydroxy-11β-acetoxy-16-kauren-9,15-dione (2), ent-8,9-seco-7α-hydroxy-11β-acetoxykaura-8(14),16-dien-9,15-dione (3), all were isolated from dichloromethane extract of leaves
Dichloromethane crude extract exhibited activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC value 12.5 µg/ml in MABA. The isolated compounds 2 and 3 showed better activity with the MIC value 6.25 µg/ml than compound 1 with 25.0 µg/ml MIC [115].
Whole plants, leaves: ethanol, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, n-Hexane/ent-1β,7α,14β-triacetoxykaur-16-en-15-one (1), ent-7α,18-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one (2), ent-16(S)-18-acetoxy-7α- hydroxykaur-15-one (3), ent-18-acetoxy-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one (4), ent-1β,14β-diacetoxy-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one (5), ent-1β-acetoxy-7α,14β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one (6), ent-7α,14β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one (7) were all isolated from ethanol, ethyl acetate, methylene extract of whole plants and leaves
The activities against H37Ra strain were observed at the MIC of 25–50, >50, 6.25–12.5, 12.5–25 µg/ml from ethanol, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, n-Hexane crude extracts of whole plants and leave using microtiter resazurin assay. Isolated compound 1 exhibited the highest activity with MIC values of 0.78, 1.56, 3.12–12.5 µg/ml against H37Ra, H37Rv, other resistant strains of M. tb screened. Both compounds 2 and 3 exhibited MIC at 1.56 µg/ml. Compounds 4, 5, 6,7 on the other hand showed MIC value 3.12–6.25 against H37Ra and H37Rv and other resistant strains of M. tb [117].
Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.
Zingiberaceae
Waan mahaamek
Rhizomes: water/essential oil
Using GFPMA, essential oil showed weaker anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with 2500 µg/ml MIC value [118].
Stem: hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol/Flavanone (1), dalparvone (2), dalparvinene (6) were isolated from the extract
Using GFPMA, compound 1 exhibited good anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC of 12.5 µg/ml, while compounds 2 and 6 showed activity with the MICs of 50 µg/ml [119].
Leaves: ethyl acetate/3β-hydroxy-21-O-acetyl-24-methylenecycloartane (1) was obtained from the extract
Compound 1 displayed activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC value of 50 µg/ml [120].
Nil.
Dendrolobium lanceolatum (Dunn) Schindl.
Leguminosae
Kraduk-Khiat
Root: hexane and dichloromethane/Flavanones 1 (1), flavanones (2), flavan (3), dibenzocycloheptene derivative (4), 4′-hydroxy-7,8-(2′′,2′′-dimethylpyran)flavan (5) isolated from the extract.
Compound 1 exhibited highest activity against H37Ra strain with MIC of 6.3 µg/ml, followed by 2 (MIC, 12.5 µg/ml) and then 3 and 5 with MICs of 25 µg/ml [121].
Nil.
Derris indica L
Leguminosae
Root and stem: dichloromethane extract/3-methoxy-(3′′,4′′-dihydro-3′′,4′′-diacetoxy)-2′′,2′′-dimethylpyrano-(7,8:5′′,6′′)-flavone (1), 2′-methoxy-4′,5′-methylenedioxyfurano [7,8:4′′,5′′-flavone (2), 8,4′-dimethoxy-7-O-γ,γ-dimethylally-lisoflavone (3), 3,4-methylenedioxy-10-methoxy-7-oxo2]benzopyrano4,3-b]benzopyran (4), desmethoxy kanugin (5), karanjin (6), lacheolatin B (7), pongachromene (8), 3,7-dimethoxyflavone (9), pachycarin D (10), maackiain (11), medicarpin (12) karanjachromene (13), pinnatin (14) isolated from this extract
4, 13,14 (6.25, 12.5, 12.5 µg/ml, resp.) showed stronger activity compared to 1, 5, 7, 9, 10 (25, 50, 50, 50, 50 µg/ml resp.) that showed moderate activity, with 3, 8, 10,12 (100, 100, 200, 100 µg/ml resp.) showing weaker activity against H37Ra strain using MABA [122].
Fruits: dichloromethane/palmarumycins JC1 (1), palmarumycins JC2 (2), isodiospyrin (3), isodiospyrol A (4) were isolated from the extract
Compound 2 exhibited good (MIC = 6.25 µg/ml) anti-TB activity against H37Ra, followed by compound 4 (MIC = 50 µg/ml). Compounds 1 and 3 showed weak activity (MICs ≥ 200 µg/ml) [124].
Nil.
Diospyros glandulosa Lace
Ebenaceae
Kluai ruesi
Diospyrin, isolated from dichloromethane extract of wood
Diospyrin isolated showed activity against H37Ra in MABA with the MIC of 6.25 µg/ml [125].
Nil.
Diospyros rhodocalyx Kurz
Ebenaceae
Tako Na
Betulinaldehyde, obtained from dichloromethane extract of wood
Betulinaldehyde exhibited inhibitory activity in microbroth dilution assay against H37Ra with the MIC of 25 µg/ml [125].
Nil.
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Asteraceae
Kra-meng
Whole plant: chloroform methanol water
Water, chloroform, methanol extracts of whole plant exhibited inhibition in MABA against H37Ra strain at the MICs of 62.5, 125, 1000 µg/ml respectively [50].
Roots: hexane, dichloromethane, methanol/Khonklonginol A (1), B (2), F (6), H (8), lupinifolinol (9), dehydrolupinifolinol (10), flemichin D (11), eriosemaone A (12), lupinifolin (13) were obtained from the extract
Crude hexane extract showed anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC value of 50 µg/ml using MABA. Compounds 10, 11, 12,13 demonstrated good anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the same MIC value of 12.5 µg/ml. Compounds 1, 8,9 exhibited moderate activity with the same MIC value of 25 µg/ml. Compounds 2 and 6 showed activity at MIC values of 50 and 100 µg/ml, respectively [127].
Nil.
Erythrina fusca Lour.
Fabaceae
Thong long
Stem bark: hexane and ethyl acetate/sandwicensin (1), erythrisenegalone (2), lonchocarpol A (3), lupinifolin (4) were isolated from the extract
Compounds 1, 2, 3,4 demonstrated anti-TB activity against H37Ra with MICs of 100, 50, 50, 25 µg/ml, respectively [128].
Bark: n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol/1-methoxyerythrabyssin II (1) was isolated from the extract Stem: n-hexane and dichloromethane/erystagallin A (1), erycristagallin (2), 5-hydroxysophoranone (3), erysubin F (4) were isolated from the extract
Compound 1 showed activity against H37Ra strain with 50 µg/ml MIC value [130].
All compounds 1, 2, 3, 4 exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Ra with the MICs of 12.5 µg/ml [131].
Flowers: goniotriol (1), (+)-altholactone (2), howiininA (3) and an aporphine alkaloid; (−)-nordicentrine (4), all isolated from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts
In microbroth dilution, the isolated compound 4 showed the best activity against H37Ra with MIC of 12.5 µg/ml, followed by compounds 2 and 3 both with the MIC of 6.25 µg/ml, and then compound 1 with 100 µg/ml [142].
At the MIC of 200 µg/ml, chloroform extract of whole plant exhibited activity against H37Ra strain while both methanol and water extracts exhibited activity at 1000 µg/ml MIC, respectively [50].
Whole plant: dichloromethane and/(1R,2S,5S,9S,10S,11R,13R)-1,2,11-trihydroxy-pimara-8(14),15-diene (2), (1S,5S,7R,9R,10S,11R,13R)-1,7,-11-trihydroxypimara-8(14),15-diene (3), (1R,2S,5S,7S,9R,10S,13R)-1,2-dihydroxypimara-8(14),15- diene-7-one (6), sandaracopimaradien-1α-ol,2α-acetoxysandaracopimaradien-1α-ol, sandaracopimaradien-1α,2α-diol were isolated from the extract
Compounds sandaracopimaradien-1α-ol and 2α-acetoxysandaracopimaradien-1α-ol exhibited ant-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC values of 25 and 50 µg/ml, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 6, sandaracopimaradien-1α,2α-diol were less active (MICs of > 100 µg/ml) [159].
Leaves: ethanol and hexane/(E)-phytol (1), cycloartenol (2), stigmasta-4-en-3-one (3), stigmasta-4-22-dien-3-one (4), β-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol (6), campesta-6,22-dien-5α,8α-epidioxy-3β-ol (7) were isolated from the extract
At 100 µg/ml, the crude extract of ethanol and hexane fractions displayed 89 and 95% inhibition, respectively, against H37Rv strain. 2 : 1 mixture of compounds 3 and 4 exhibited good activity (MIC = 2 µg/ml) against H37Rv strain followed by 7 (MIC = 2.5 µg/ml) and then 1 and 6 (MICs = 32 µg/ml). Compound 2 and 5 were less active with MIC values of 64 and 128 µg/ml, respectively [168].
Chloroform extract of leaves at the MIC of 250 µg/ml showed activity against H37Ra strain while both methanol and water extracts exhibited activity at 1000 µg/ml MIC, respectively [50].
Chloroform extract of leaves was more active against H37Ra strain with MIC value 62.5 µg/ml than the methanol and water extract both with activity at MIC of 1000 µg/ml [50].
Fruit: chloroform, methanol, water; compound Piperine (1) was isolated from chloroform crude extract of fruit
Inhibition against H37Ra strain was observed at MIC (µg/ml) of 16, 25, 1000 with respect to the chloroform, methanol, water extract of fruit in MABA. Compound 1 isolated exhibited activity at MIC of 50 µg/ml [50].
Ethyl acetate, n-hexane, water extract fraction of leaves exhibited inhibition against H37Rv strain using TEMA at the MIC values of 25, 50, 100 µg/ml, respectively [185].
Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
Piperaceae
Kadok, Cha-plu
Whole plant: 80% methanol
At the MIC = 800 µg/ml, the extract showed inhibition against H37Rv strain [57].
The methanol extract of leaves showed more activity against MTB (MIC 12.5 µg/ml) in TEMA than both petroleum ether and Chloroform extracts (MIC 25 µg/ml). The ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of methanol extract exhibited MICs at 3.12 µg/ml [188].
Leaves: aqueous, ethanol
The aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves exhibited anti-TB activity MIC/MBC 12.5 µg/ml. Methanolic extract was fractionated with ethyl acetate; the fraction of ethyl acetate exhibited anti-TB activity with MIC/MBC 3.12 µg/ml [189].
Fruits: hexane and methanol/pellitorine (1), guineensine (2), brachystamide B (3), sarmentine (4), brachyamide B (5), sarmentosine (8), 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1E-tetradecene (11) were isolated from the extract
Compounds 1 and 11 were more active (MICs = 25 µg/ml) against H37Ra strain followed by 2, 4, 5 (MICs = 50 µg/ml); then 3 and 8 showed weaker activities with the MIC values of 100 and 200 µg/ml, respectively [190].
Pistia stratiotes L.
Araceae
Water lettuce
Whole plant: 80% methanol
The inhibition against H37Rv was observed at the MIC of 1600 µg/ml [57].
Fruit: hexane/compounds 12-(2-N-methylaminobenzoyl)-4β,5,20-trideoxyphorbol-13-acetate (1), 12-(2-N-methylaminoben-zoyl)-4α,5,20-trideoxyphorbol-13-acetate (2), sapintoxin A (3), α- saponine (4), sapintoxin C (5), 12-(2-N-methylaminobenzoyl)-4α,20-dideoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol-13-acetate (6) sapintoxin B (7), 12-(2′-N-methylaminobenzoyl)-4α-deoxy-5,20-dihydroxyphorbol-13-acetate (8), 12-(2-methylaminobenzoyl)-4-deoxyphorbaldehyde-13-acetae (9) were isolated from extract
Compound 3 (MIC, 3.12 µg/ml) was the most active compound against H37Ra using MABA, followed by 7 (MIC, 12.5 µg/ml) and then followed by 5, 8,9 (MIC, 25 µg/ml). Compound 1 showed moderate activity (MIC, 50 µg/ml) while 2, 4,6 showed weak activity (200, >200, >200 MIC, µg/ml, respectively) [199].
The methanol crude extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv with MIC value of 625 μg/ml. Isolated compounds 1-3 exhibited MIC of 50 µg/ml while compound 4 showed activity at MIC of 100 µg/ml [202].
Solanum spirale Roxb.
Solanaceae
Pak dit
Fruit: water
Essential oil extracted showed anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with MIC value of 50 µg/ml [203].
The chloroform, methanol, water extract of whole plant exhibited inhibition in MABA, against H37Ra strain at the MIC of 500, 1000, 1000 µg/ml, respectively [50].
Root: n-hexane, EtOAc, MeOH/Compounds trigonoreidon A (1), trigonoreidon B (2), trigonoreidon C (3), trigonostemon C (7), spruceanol (8), trigonostemone (9), rediocide A (10), rediocide B (11), rediocide C (12), rediocide F (13), rediocide G (14) were isolated from the extract
Among the tested compounds, 12 and 14 were the two most active compounds against H37Ra strain with the MICs of 3.84 µM, followed by 13, with the MIC of 3.91 µM. Compounds 11 and 10 were active and moderately active with the MICs of 7.86 and 15.72 µM, respectively. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 exhibited weak activity with MICs of 183.57, 168.71, 88.55, 83.79, 72.58, 38.30 µM, respectively [212].
Methanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol Kaempferol (1), quercitrin (2) isolated from methanolic extract of leave
All three extracts showed inhibition in MIC value >128 µg/ml in MABA. Mixture of 1 and 2 exhibited activities against H37Rv with MIC of 64 µg/ml using microplate Alamar Blue assay [214].
Rhizome: 80% methanol/6-shogaol (1) and 6-gingerol (2) were isolated from the extract
In TEMA, the extract of methanol showed inhibition against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 µg/ml [57]. At 100 µg/ml, the methanolic extract of rhizomes showed 61% inhibition against H37Rv. The isolated compound 2 (MIC 33 µg/ml) showed more activity than 1 (MIC 64 µg/ml) [67].
In MABA, the chloroform, methanol, water extract of rhizome exhibited inhibition against H37Ra strain at the MIC of 125, 1000, 1000 µg/ml, respectively [50].
Leprosy, cough, asthma, chest pain, loss of appetite [220, 221].
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Rhamnaceae
Phut-sa
Root: mauritine M (1) and nummularines H (2), all isolated from ethanol extracts
Isolated compounds exhibited activities against H37Ra at the MIC 72.8 µg/ml (1) and 4.5 µg/ml (2) [222].