The SIESTA Trial: A Randomized Study Investigating the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Acupressure versus Sham Therapy for Improving Sleep Quality in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of treatment group.
Characteristics
Intervention ()
Control ()
Age (years)
58.6 ± 11.9
51.6 ± 17.9
Female
6 (28.6%)
9 (45%)
Ethnicity
Caucasian
11 (52%)
13 (65%)
Aboriginal and Torres
3 (14%)
1 (5%)
Asian
1 (5%)
2 (10%)
Maori and Pacific Islander
6 (29%)
4 (20%)
Marital status
Married or living with a partner
10 (48%)
11 (55%)
Single
11 (52%)
9 (45%)
Education status
Less than high school
5 (24%)
3 (15%)
High school finished
16 (76%)
17 (85%)
Cause of end-stage kidney stage
Diabetes
8 (38%)
7 (35%)
Glomerulonephritis
2 (10%)
5 (25%)
Hypertension
4 (19%)
1 (5%)
Reflux nephropathy
2 (10%)
1 (5%)
Polycystic kidneys
1 (5%)
1 (5%)
Other
4 (19%)
5 (25%)
Comorbidity
Coronary artery disease
10 (48%)
4 (20%)
Diabetes
8 (38%)
12 (60%)
Hypertension
13 (62%)
11 (55%)
Congestive heart failure
2 (10%)
2 (10%)
Peripheral vascular disease
6 (29%)
3 (15%)
Cerebrovascular disease
3 (14%)
3 (15%)
Chronic lung disease
12 (57%)
10 (50%)
PLMD/RLS
9 (43%)
6 (30%)
Insomnia
2 (10%)
1 (5%)
Mood disorder
11 (52%)
6 (30%)
Gastroduodenal ulcer or reflux
7 (33%)
10 (50%)
Treatment type
HD
2 (10%)
2 (10%)
HDF
19 (90%)
18 (90%)
Dialysis duration (months)
46 28, 116
21.5 13, 56.5
Time of day to have dialysis
Morning
15 (71%)
13 (65%)
Afternoon
6 (29%)
6 (30%)
Evening
0 (0%)
1 (5%)
Hours per dialysis session
5.2 ± 0.5
4.7 ± 0.6
Medications
Antidepressants
5 (24%)
3 (15%)
Hypnotics
3 (14%)
1 (5%)
Bronchodilators
4 (19%)
1 (5%)
Antihistamines
2 (10%)
1 (5%)
Proton pump inhibitors
7 (33%)
7 (35%)
Nonpharmaceutical interventions to aid sleep
Exercise
0 (0%)
4 (20%)
Massage
1 (5%)
0 (0%)
CPAP machine
2 (10%)
0 (0%)
None
18 (86%)
16 (80%)
BMI (kg/m2)
32.9 [26.5, 35.3]
29.65 21.2, 34
Pre-SBP (mmHg)
148.6 ± 27.5
149.7 ± 23.0
Post-DBP (mmHg)
79 ± 16.2
73.6 ± 22.3
Hemoglobin (g/L)
116.3 ± 17.1
112.8 ± 10.5
Phosphate (mmol/L)
2.0 ± 0.6
2.0 ± 0.6
Urea reduction ratio
0.8 ± 0.1
0.8 ± 0.1
KT/V
1.4 [1.2, 1.5]
1.3 [1.2, 1.7]
PSQI global score
8.1 ± 4.3
8.3 ± 4.4
SF-8
Physical component summary (PCS)
43.3 ± 11.5
45.0 ± 10.6
Mental component summary (MCS)
45.9 ± 13.6
48.5 ± 10.6
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HD, hemodialysis; HDF, hemodiafiltration; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SF-8, Short Form-8 Health Survey; PMLD, periodic movement disorder; RLS, restless legs syndrome; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure. Note. Values for categorical variables are given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables are given as mean ± SD if normally distributed or if nonnormally as median [interquartile range]. One missing value in the control group at baseline. One missing value in the intervention group at baseline.
