Optimal Solubility of Diclofenac β-Cyclodextrin in Combination with Local Anaesthetics for Mesotherapy Applications
Table 1
A final injection volume of 5 mL was taken being fixed for all combinations tested.
Akis (final dilution in brackets)
Vehicle
Anaesthetic (final dilution in brackets)
25 mg/mL, 1 mL (5 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Lidocaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Lidocaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Water 3 mL
Lidocaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Water 2 mL
Lidocaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Lidocaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Lidocaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Normal saline 3 mL
Lidocaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Lidocaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
Water 3 mL
Lidocaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Water 2 mL
Lidocaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Lidocaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Lidocaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
50 mg/mL, 1 mL (10 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Lidocaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Lidocaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Water 3 mL
Lidocaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Water 2 mL
Lidocaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Lidocaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Lidocaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Normal saline 3 mL
Lidocaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Lidocaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
Water 3 mL
Lidocaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Water 2 mL
Lidocaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Lidocaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Lidocaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
25 mg/mL, 1 mL (5 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 1 mL
Normal saline 2 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 2 mL
Water 3 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 1 mL
Water 2 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 2 mL
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 1 mL
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 2 mL
Normal saline 3 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
Water 3 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Water 2 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
50 mg/mL, 1 mL (10 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 1 mL
Normal saline 2 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 2 mL
Water 3 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 1 mL
Water 2 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 2 mL
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 1 mL
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Mepivacaine 1% 2 mL
Normal saline 3 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
Water 3 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Water 2 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 1 mL (0.4%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Mepivacaine 2% 2 mL (0.8%)
25 mg/mL, 1 mL (5 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL
Normal saline 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL
Water 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL
Water 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL
Normal saline 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 1 mL (0.1%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 2 mL (0.2%)
Water 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 1 mL (0.1%)
Water 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 2 mL (0.2%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 1 mL (0.1%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 2 mL (0.2%)
50 mg/mL, 1 mL (10 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL
Normal saline 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL
Water 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL
Water 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL
Normal saline 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 1 mL (0.1%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 2 mL (0.2%)
Water 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 1 mL (0.1%)
Water 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 2 mL (0.2%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 1 mL (0.1%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Bupivacaine 0.5% 2 mL (0.2%)
25 mg/mL, 1 mL (5 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL (0.05%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL (0.1%)
Water 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL (0.05%)
Water 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL (0.1%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL (0.05%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL (0.1%)
Normal saline 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 1 mL (0.15%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 2 mL (0.3%)
Water 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 1 mL (0.15%)
Water 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 2 mL (0.3%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 1 mL (0.15%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 2 mL (0.3%)
50 mg/mL, 1 mL (10 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL (0.05%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL (0.1%)
Water 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL (0.05%)
Water 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL (0.1%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL (0.05%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.25% 2 mL (0.1%)
Normal saline 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 1 mL (0.15%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 2 mL (0.3%)
Water 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 1 mL (0.15%)
Water 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 2 mL (0.3%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 1 mL (0.15%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Levobupivacaine 0.75% 2 mL (0.3%)
25 mg/mL, 1 mL (5 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 1 mL (0.04%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 2 mL (0.08%)
Water 3 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 1 mL (0.04%)
Water 2 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 2 mL (0.08%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 1 mL (0.04%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 2 mL (0.08%)
Normal saline 3 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Water 3 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Water 2 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
50 mg/mL, 1 mL (10 mg/mL)
Normal saline 3 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 1 mL (0.04%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 2 mL (0.08%)
Water 3 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 1 mL (0.04%)
Water 2 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 2 mL (0.08%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 1 mL (0.04%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Ropivacaine 0.2% 2 mL (0.08%)
Normal saline 3 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Normal saline 2 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Water 3 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Water 2 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
Bicarbonate 3 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 1 mL (0.2%)
Bicarbonate 2 mL
Ropivacaine 1% 2 mL (0.4%)
our knowledge, mepivacaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.25% formulation should be available on the market, although we were unable to obtain them. Therefore, stock solutions of mepivacaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.25% were prepared from mepivacaine hydrochloride 2% W/V [Mepicain 2% (Monico SPA)] and bupivacaine hydrochloride: 5 mg/mL (0.5% W/V) [Marcaina 5 mg/mL (Astra Zeneca)], respectively, by diluting 1 : 1 the commercially available solutions with the relevant vehicles.
