Potential of Traditional Knowledge of Plants in the Management of Arthropods in Livestock Industry with Focus on (Acari) Ticks

Table 1

Plants used in the prevention, control, and management of ticks and mites of livestock in Trinidad and Tobago.

Scientific name	Family	Plant part used	Known active and other components
Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	Leaves	Limonoids, azadirachtin, salannin, deacetyl-azadirachtin, and meliantriol
Cedrela odorata	Meliaceae	Leaves	—
Cordia curassavica	Boraginaceae	Leaves	Phenols and terpenoid quinones
Eclipta alba	Compositae	Plant tops	Polyacetylenes nicotine
Mammea americana	Guttiferae	Seeds	Mammein
Manilkara zapota	Sapotaceae	Seeds	HCN, sapotin, and saponin
Momordica charantia	Cucurbitaceae	Vine	—
Musa species	Musaceae	Stem juice	Caprylic acid and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine
Nicotiana tabacum	Solanaceae	Leaves	Nicotine
Petiveria alliacea	Phytolaccaceae	Leaves	—
Pouteria sapota	Sapotaceae	Seeds	Amygdalin
Renealmia alpinia	Zingiberaceae	Leaves	—
Scoparia dulcis	Scrophulariaceae	Plant tops	—

Note. Some of these plants were among the 43 plant species evaluated in Jamaica, whose crude ethanol extracts of the leaves for pesticidal effects on the engorged cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, were determined [57, 58]. Their acaricidal indices (AI) for the crude plant extracts ranged from 50 to 100. Among the plants studied were Momordica charantia (AI = 71), Azadirachta indica (AI = 68), and Petiveria alliacea (AI = 66).