|
| Species name of plant (English name) | Family name of plant | Part(s) of plant used | Application form/action (effects) and target tick species | Place | Source/
Reference |
|
| Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. Var. Villosa Hutch | Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) | Leaf | Sediment smeared onto the ears as repellent against ticks by the Turkana people of Kenya (aqueous preparation) eteteleit (Turkana language) | Kenya | [67] |
| As tick attractant as observed in the field and laboratory (Luo, Abaki) | Kenya | [122] |
|
| Acorus calamus L. | Araceae (arum/ginseng family) | Rhizome | Repellent (aqueous and alcohol extracts) against Ixodes spp. | USA | [18, 123, 124] |
|
| Allium sativum (Link.) Döll. (Garlic) | Alliaceae (onion family) | Leaf/bulb | Eat garlic pills, tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
|
| Ageratum houstonianum P. Mill. (Blue Mink) | Compositae/Asteraceae (daisy/aster family) | Essential oil from flowers | Toxic to ticks (Rhipicephalus lunulatus) at LD50 = 0.06653 µl/cm2 within 24 hrs. | Cameroon | [126] |
|
| Aloe broomii Schonl. | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Leaf | Boiling in water to make cattle dip and disinfectant. Oral leaf juice is made for cattle or for topical application | South Africa; Kenya | [67, 127] |
|
| Aloe ferox Mill. (cape aloe, bitter aloe, red aloe, and tap aloe) | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Leaf | Infusion had a strong dipping and topical toxicity effect against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks | South Africa | [128] |
|
| Aloe marlothii Alwin Berger (mountain aloe or the flat-flowered aloe) | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Leaf | Dichloromethane extracts were repellent to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus | South Africa | [128] |
|
| Aloe spp. | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Leaf | Topical application of a paste of leaves, paraffin oil, and kitchen ash | Kenya | [67] |
|
| Aloe secundiflora Engl. (aloe) | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Whole plant | A concoction mixed with labia plant (Psiadia punctulata) to make an effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species) | Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi | [129] |
|
| Andropogon gayanus Kunth (bluestem, gamba, or llanero grass) | Poaceae or Gramineae (the grass family) | Whole plant | Toxic/repellent | South America, Mexico, Colombia | [108, 130–134] |
|
| Annona squamosa L. (sugar apple, custard apple, and sweetsop) | Annonaceae (custard apple family) | Leaf | Leaves rubbed over floors or placed in hens’ nests to keep away vermin which includes ticks | India and Mexico | [135] |
|
| Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (breadfruit) | Moraceae (fig/mulberry family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts/being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58, 136, 137] |
|
| Asclepias curassavica L. (redhead) | Asclepiadaceae (milkweed family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts/being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Artemisia absinthium L. (wormwood) | Asteraceae | Whole plant | Essential oils from the plant have been shown to have acaricidal activity | Europe, Eastern North America | [137] http://www.florahealth.com/about_int.cfm?sub_link=Export |
|
| Artemisia herba-alba Asso (white wormwood) | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (big sagebrush) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Toxic to nymphal ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.180% wt : vol) | USA | [139] |
|
| Artemisia monosperma Del. (Tarragon) | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844. Essential oils showed toxicity effects to the larvae of H. dromedarii and Argas persicus Oken, 1818, adults | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. (neem tree) | Meliaceae (mahogany family) | Whole plant; leaf; fruit | Repellent/toxic/inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Kenya
Jamaica | [67, 140]
[58, 136] |
| Fruit | Oil extracts caused mortality of Amblyomma variegatum larvae | Nigeria | [141] |
| Neem seed oil extracts caused mortality of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch larvae and malformation or deformities in developing ticks | Egypt | [142] |
| Neem oil and azadirachtin EC formulation | At 2500 mg litre−1, azadirachtin caused significant reduction in feeding activity of larva (Hyalomma dromedarii), prolonged the period for molting to nymphal stage, and caused 60% reduction in moltability. Contact and dipping LC50 values were >40.7 µg cm−2 and >5000 mg litre−1, respectively. | Saudi Arabia | [143] |
| Seed | Neem seed oil as an acaricide | India | [144] |
| Seed | Neem seed oil as an acaricide against Boophilus microplus | India | [145, 146] |
| Seed | Neem seed extracts as acaricide against Boophilus microplus | Colombia | [147] |
|
| Bixa orellana L. (annatto) | Bixaceae (achiote/annatto/lipstick tree family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts/being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Blighia sapida (ackee, akee, or achee) | Sapindaceae (soapberry family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus | Jamaica | [58] |
|
Bocconia frutescens L. (tree celandine/parrotweed/plume
poppy) | Papaveraceae (poppy family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Bontia daphnoides L. (kidney bush/white alling) | Myoporaceae (Lamiales) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Boscia angustifolia A. Rich | Capparidaceae | Aerial parts/oil | Repellency of their essential oil | Kenya | [104] |
|
| Boscia mossambicensis Klotzsch | Capparidaceae | Aerial parts/oil | Repellency of their essential oil | Kenya | [104] |
|
| Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf cv. Marandu (marandu grass, surinam grass, signal grass, and Kenya sheep grass) | Gramineae | Whole plant | Antitick properties | South America, Brazil | [131] |
|
| Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass) | Grass family Panicoideae | Whole plant | Weak toxic/repellent | South America | [108] |
|
| Cadaba farinosa Forssk. | Capparidaceae | Aerial parts/oil | Repellency of their essential oil | Kenya | [104] |
|
| Cadia purpurea (G. Piccioli) Aiton | Caesalpiniaceae | Whole plant | A concoction mixed with Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (African olive tree) to make effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsii), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species) | Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi | [129] |
|
| Calocedrus decurrens (incense cedar and California post cedar) | Cupressaceae (cypress family) | Ground heartwood and leaves | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.343 and 0.015% wt : vol, resp.) | USA | [139] |
|
| Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. (rooster tree, giant milkweed, and sodom apple) | Asclepiadaceae (milkweed family) | A cardiac glycosidal (cardenolide) extract | Contact and dipping LC50 values were 9.63 µg cm−2 and 1096 mg litre−1, respectively, against Hyalomma dromedarii larvae | Saudi Arabia | [143] |
| Latex | Found to be acaricidal | Egypt | [148] |
|
| Calpurnia aurea | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (Hardy annual legume/pea family) | Leaf and bark | Juice mixed with spice of Capsicum spp. | Ethiopia | [149] |
|
| Cinnamomum camphora (camphor plant) | Lauraceae
The Laurel family | | Acaricide, essential oils repellent against Ixodes spp. | USA | [150] |
|
| Cannabis sativa L.(ganja/marijuana, marihuana, hemp, hashish, pot) | Cannabaceae (hemp family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Capsicum annum L.(scotch bonnet/pimento or sweet pepper) | Solanaceae (lemon pepper/nightshade/potato family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being Toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Capsicum spp. | Solanaceae (lemon pepper/nightshade/potato family) | Fruits/leaves | Spice mixed with juice of leaf and bark from Calpurnia aurea to form an acaricide | Ethiopia | [149] |
|
| Calpurnia aurea L. | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae (hardy annual, legume/pea/bean family) | Leaf and bark | Spice mixed with juice of leaf and bark from Calpurnia aurea to form an acaricide | Ethiopia | [149] |
|
| Carduus leptacanthus Fresen. | Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family) | | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Cassia tora L. | Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae/Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume bean/pea family) | Leaf | Juice of smashed leaves orally | India | [152] |
|
| Cassia occidentalis L./Senna occidentalis L. (coffee senna/coffeeweed) | Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae/Fabaceae, (Hardy annual – legume Bean/pea Family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Catharanthus roseus L. (Madagascar periwinkle) | Apocynaceae (dogbane family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Cecropia peltata L. (trumpet tree) | Cecropiaceae (previously included in the family Moraceae, mulberry family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Cenchrus ciliaris L. (buffel grass) | Poaceae (the grass family) | Whole plant | Repellent | South America | [113] |
|
| Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. (Port Orford cedar) | Cupressaceae (cypress family) | Stump oil | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.487 and 0.041% wt : vol, resp.) | USA | [139] |
|
| Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach (Alaska yellow-cedar) | Cupressaceae (cypress family) | Heartwood and leaves | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.151 and 0.007% wt : vol, resp.) | USA | [139] |
|
| Chebliswo-plant in Pokot vernacular in Kenya | | Root and Leaf | Solution of smashed parts | Kenya | [153] |
|
| Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican tea | Chenopodiaceae (goose-foot family) | — | — | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Chenopodium ugandae | Chenopodiaceae (goose-foot family) | — | — | Uganda | [151] |
|
| Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium L. | Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family) | Flowers | Pyrethrins act as acaricide/toxicant/repellent | USA | [150] |
|
| Citronella plants | Myrtaceae (Poaceae or Gramineae) | Leaf | Extracts-tick repellents against Ixodes spp. | USA | [154] |
|
| Citrullus lanatus Thunb. | Cucurbitaceae (cucumber family) | Fruit | | Zimbabwe | [18, 105] |
|
| Citrus aurantium L.(Seville orange) | Rutaceae (rue family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Cleome hirta (Klotzsch.) Oliv. | Cleomaceae | Aerial parts/oil | Repellent/toxic/killer of ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) | Kenya | [155] |
|
| Cleome gynandra (Cleome) | Cleomaceae | Leaves | Repellents and acaricides for certain larval, nymphal, and adult ticks | South Africa | http://www.daff.gov.za/docs/brochures/cleome.pdf |
|
| Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey. | Lamiaceae | Leaf | Acetone extracts showed relatively high repellency activity against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks | South Africa | [128] |
|
| Commiphora swynnertonii Burtt. | Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family) | Gum resin | Repellency of their essential oil | Kenya | [104] |
|
| Commiphora erythraea Engler. | Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family) | Gum resin/viscous oil/pure components/hexane extract | Smear paste of camel urine and gum resin/toxic/repellent/larvicide | Kenya | [67, 116, 156, 157] |
|
| Commiphora holtziana | Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family) | Gum, bark, and leaf | Repellent | Kenya | [117] |
|
| Commiphora incisa | Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family) | Gum resin | Smear paste of camel urine and gum resin | Kenya | [67] |
|
| Commiphora merkeri Engl. | Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family) | Gum, bark, and leaf | Acaricide | | [158] |
|
| Commiphora myrrh Jacq. (Commiphora abyssinica (Nees) Engl., Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl., and Commiphora schimperi (Nees) Engl.) (all these plants are sources of Myrrh) | Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family) | Gum resin/oil/pure components | Toxic/Repellent | Kenya | [116, 156] |
| Oleoresin gum (crude myrrh) | Myrrh essential oil/oil of Heerabol Myrrh (bola, myrrha and gum, common, and hirabol myrrh), repellent against Ixodes spp. | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
|
| Commiphora molmol Engler. | Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family) | Myrrh | LC50 of Myrrh extract caused death of fowl tick Argas persicus by destroying the epithelial gut of cells | Egypt | [159] |
|
| Commiphora tenuis | Burseraceae (copal family) | Larger leaf | Toxic/repellent when rubbed on camels’ coats | Kenya | Wanzala-Personal experience with Somali pastoralists |
|
| Crotalaria retusa L. (rattle weed) | Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae/
Fabaceae, (Hardy annual, legume bean/pea family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Cuscuta americana L. (love bush/weed) | Cuscutaceae (Convolvulaceae) (dodder family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Cycloptis semicordata L. (tall fern) | Polypodiaceae (polypody/fern family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Stend.) Wats. (lemon grass) | Gramineae (Poaceae) (grass family) | Leaf | A blend with marjoram grass and tea tree essential oils forms antitick repellent spray | New Zealand | [160] |
|
| Cymbopogon martinii stapf var. motia/(Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk. | Gramineae (Poaceae) (grass family)
| Leaf/flower | Palmarosa essential oil (Turkish Geranium/Andropogon/Nepal), tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
|
| Cymbopogon nardus R. (Andropogon nardus) (citronella grass, lemon grass, nardus) | Gramineae (Poaceae) (grass family) | Leaf/flower | Citronella essential oil (lemon balm, Sri Lanka or Lenabatu citronella), tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
|
| Cynodon dactylon (star grass) | Poaceae (grass family) | Whole plant | Weak toxic/repellent | South America | [108] |
|
| Datura stramonium L. | Solanaceae (nightshade family) | Seed/fruit | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Delphinium brunonianum Royle | Ranunculaceae (Helleboraceae) (buttercup family) | Leaf | Juices of leaves used to destroy ticks | USA | [18, 161] |
|
| Derris elliptica (Sweet) Benth. | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Root powder | Aqueous solution mixed with soft soap to make an acaricide | USA | [18, 150, 162–164] |
|
| Digitalis purpurea L. (purple foxglove) | Scrophulariaceae (Figwort family) | A cardiac glycosidal (digitoxin) extract | Contact and dipping LC50 values were 4.08 µg cm−2 and 409.9 mg litre−1, respectively, against Hyalomma dromedarii larvae | Saudi Arabia | [143] |
|
| Dioscorea polygonoides Willott (wild yam) | Dioscoreaceae (yam family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Diplophyllum africanum Turcz. | Scapaniaceae (Diplophyllaceae) | Whole plant | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax. | Dioscoreaceae (yam family) | Root | Roots crushed in water to form a solution | Tanzania | [165, 166] |
|
| Dissotis throthae | Melastomataceae (melastome family) | | — | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Ervatamia divaricate L. (Burkill.) (coffee rose) | Apocynaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Erythrina corallodendron L. (Spanish maschette) | Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae/
Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume bean/pea family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being Toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Eucalyptus spp. (gum trees) | Myrtaceae (myrtle family) | Leaf and branch | Eucalyptus essential oil mixed with S. Nigra leaf extract make a repellent against Ixodes spp. | USA | [18, 167] |
|
| Eucalyptus spp. (gum trees) | Myrtaceae (myrtle family) | Leaf and branch | Plant oil as an acaricide | USA | [167] |
|
| Eucalyptus spp. (gum trees) | Myrtaceae (myrtle family) | Leaf and branch | Eucalyptus essential oil toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) at >2% concentration (wt : vol) | USA | [139] |
|
| Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Tasmanian bluegum, eucalypt, and fever tree) | Myrtaceae (myrtle family) | Leaf and branch | Eucalyptus essential oil, Tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
| Leaf | Leaf decoction is traditionally used for repelling insects and vermin | USA | [168] |
|
| Eupatorium odoratum Penny Clifford (Chromolaena odorata (L.) RM King and H. Robinson) (Jack in the bush) | Asteraceae (daisy/aster family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Eupatorium villosum (L.) George R. (bitter bush) | Asteraceae (daisy/aster family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. | Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) | Aerial parts | Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Euphorbia candelabrum | Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) | Latex | Latex as toxic/killer/acaricide | Kenya | [140] |
|
| Euphorbia obovalifolia | Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) | Latex | Acaricide | Ethiopia | [149] |
|
| Fagara microcarpa (Griseb.) Krug & Urb. (bitter bush) | Rutaceae (citrus family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Ficus brachypoda | Moraceae | Latex | Acaricide | Ethiopia | [149] |
|
| Ficus cfr. burkei | Moraceae | | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. (Florence fennel, finocchio, anise, and sweet fennel) | Umbelliferae/Apiaceae (carrot family) | Root | Toxic to nymphal ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.744% wt : vol) | USA | [139] |
|
| Francoeuria crispa (Forsk.) Cass. (Francoeuria) | Asteraceae (daisy/aster family) | Aerial parts | Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Gliricidia sepium Jacq. (Aaron’s rod) | Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae/
Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume bean/pea family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Gnidia kraussiana Meissner | Thymelaeaceae | Root | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq. (Chisaka-Luhya, Ejobyo-Luganda, and Akeyo-Luo) | Capparidaceae | Aerial parts/essential oil | Repellent/toxic/killer | Kenya | [44, 104, 109, 118, 120] |
|
| Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forsskål) A. H. L. Jussieu | Rutaceae | Aerial parts | Essential oils showed toxicity effects to the larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 and Argas persicus Oken, 1818, adults | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Haematoxylum campechianum L. (logwood) | Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae/
Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume bean/pea family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Hedeoma pulegioidesL. Pers. (American Pennyroyal, mock pennyroyal, squaw mint, tickweed, stinking balm, mosquito plant) | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Leaf/flower | Essential oil of American pennyroyal, tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | USA | [125, 169, 170] |
|
| Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (shoe black) | Malvaceae (mallow family) | Leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Hyacinthoides hispanica (P. Mill.) Rothm. (Endymion hispanicus (P. Mill.) Chouard) (bluebells, Spanish bluebells, Spanish squill) | Liliaceae (lily family) | Whole plant | It is antitick plant and confidently help heal the problems brought about by ticks | USA and South Africa | Wanzala’s personal communication with Annie Berthold-Bond in USA |
|
| Hydnora johannis Beccari | Hydnoraceae | Whole plant | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Hyparrhenia rufa (jaragua grass) | Poaceae (grass family) | Whole plant | Weak toxic/repellent | South America | [128] |
|
| Hyptis verticillata | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | | Chemosterilant that inhibits oviposition and egg hatching | Central America | [171] |
|
| Impatiens stuhlmannii Warb. | Balsaminaceae (balsam, impatiens family) | Leaf | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Iphiona rotundifolia | Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family) | Leaf | An acaricide infusion made from leaf | Somali | [61] |
|
| Jatropha curcas L. (Barbados nut, purging nut, and physic nut) | Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) | Leaf | Infusion had a dipping and topical toxicity effect against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Methanol extract repelled the ticks also | South Africa | [128] |
|
| Juglans nigra L. | Juglandaceae | Whole plant | Repellent against Ixodes spp. | USA | [18, 167] |
|
| Juniperus occidentalis L (Western juniper) | Cupressaceae (cypress family) | Heartwood and leaves | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.633 and 0.073% wt : vol, resp.) | USA | [139] |
|
| Juniperus virginiana L (Eastern red cedar) | Cupressaceae (cypress family) | Heartwood and leaves | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.328 and 0.001% wt : vol, resp.) | USA | [139] |
|
| Justicia pectoralis L. (Fresh cut) | Acanthaceae (carpenter grass) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Kaliya, Pokot vernacular | | Fruit | Fruit juice | Kenya | [153] |
|
| Lantana involucrata Roxb. (wild mint) | Verbenaceae (vervain family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux, 1813 | Rhodomelaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extract affected the survival of engorged and adult female Boophilus microplus Canst. and inhibited its oviposition and embryogenesis | Jamaica | [172] |
|
| Lavandula angustifolia (L. officinalis, L. spica, and L. vera) | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Leaf/flower | Lavender essential oil, tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
|
| Lepidium sativum | Brassicaceae (cabbage family) | Seed | Crushed seeds mixed with cattle faeces and smeared on cattle | Ethiopia | [149] |
|
Liagora elongate
Liagora farinosa J. V. Lamouroux 1816 | Liagoraceae (rhodophytes) | Whole plant | Topical application of crude ethanol extract affected the survival of engorged and adult female Boophilus microplus Canst. and inhibited its oviposition and embryogenesis | Jamaica | [172] |
|
| Lippia alba L. (colic Mint) | Verbenaceae (vervain family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Lonchocarpus laxiflorus | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Floral parts | Rotenoids act as acaricide | USA | [150] |
|
| Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (tarwi lupine/Adeans lupines/tarwi plant) | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | — | Acaricide | Europe | [91] |
|
| Majorana hortensis Mönch (sweet marjoram) | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Leaf | A blend with lemon grass and tea tree essential oils forms antitick repellent spray | New Zealand | [160] |
|
| Mammea americana L. | Clusiaceae/Guttiferae | Fruit and leaf/seeds | Toxic, sap/infusion in water/powdered seeds/decoction of seeds | USA | [18, 173] |
|
| Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G. L. Webster (pheasant-berry, egossa red pear, or bushveld peacock-berry) | Phyllanthaceae (leaf-flower family) | Latex | Toxic/killer/acaricide. Oil hexane and water soluble extracts against the ticks Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum | Kenya | [174] |
|
| Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel. (tea tree oil) | Myrtaceae (myrtle family) | Leaf | A blend with lemon grass and marjoram essential oils forms antitick repellent spray | New Zealand | [160] |
|
| Melia azedarach L. (Chinaberry, Persian lilac tree) | Meliaceae (mahogany family) | Fruit | Extracts caused mortality of Boophilus microplus larvae and inhibited partially or totally egg production and embryogenesis in engorged females | South America, Brazil | [175] |
|
| Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Guinep. Synonym: Melicocca bijuga L. | Sapindaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Melinis minutiflora Beauv. (molasses grass) | Poaceae or Gramineae (the grass family) | Whole plant (grass) | Toxic/repellent. The plant repels ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Boophilus microplus) | South America, Caribbean, Kenya, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Central Africa, Southern Africa | [107, 108, 119, 127, 130, 131, 134, 176], Cornell University Medicinal plants Homepage-2003 |
|
| Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm, balm, common balm, cytria, hashishat al nahil, kovanutu, ogulotu, seiyo-yama-hakka, sweet balm, toronjil, tronjan) | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Aerial parts | European pennyroyal essential oil, tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | Europe and USA, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina | [125] |
|
| Mesembryanthemus forsskale (Hochst) | Aizoaceae | Aerial parts | Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Mentha × piperita L. (M. balsamea Willd.) (pepper mint) | Piperaceae | | Oil repellents against Ixodes spp. | USA | [154] |
|
| Mentha pulegium L. (European pennyroyal, pulegium, run-by-the-ground, lurk-in-the-ditch, pudding grass, mosquito plant, fleabane, tickweed, squaw balm, squawmint tickweed) | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Aerial parts | European pennyroyal essential oil, tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | Europe and USA, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina | [125] |
|
| Mimosa pudica L. (shame mi lady or sensitive plant) | Mimosaceae/Fabaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Momordica charantia L. (wild cerasee) | Cucurbitaceae | Leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdc. | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Root | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Nerium oleander L. (Oleander) | Apocynaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Nicotiana tabacum L., N. rustica, and N. glutinosa | Solanaceae (nightshade family) | Fresh leaf | Leaf extract applied as acaricide. Toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | USA, Jamaica, and Kenya | [18, 43, 58, 67, 150, 167] |
|
| Nicotiana tabacum L. (Tobacco) | Solanaceae (nightshade family) | Aerial part | Aqueous extracts had immediate effect on mortality of engorged Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks and its fecundity production of females | India | [177] |
| Leaf | Add Magadi soda to the leaf to make Kupetaba, antifeedant/growth disrupting/toxic/antiovipositant | Kenya | [43] |
| Whole plant | A concoction mixed with sodom apple (Solanum incanum) to make an effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species) | Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi | [129] |
|
| Ocimum micranthum Wild. (wild parsley) | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Ocimum suave Willd. | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Leaf | Oil as repellent/acaricide | Kenya, Tanzania | [178–180] |
|
| Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (African olive tree) | Oleaceae (olive family) | Whole plant | A concoction mixed with Ilkerereai (Cadia purpurea) make effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species) | Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi | [129] |
|
| Oreopanax capitatus Jacq. (Aralia) | Araliaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Padina vickerisiae | Phaeophyceae (brown seaweeds) | Whole plant | Topical application of crude ethanol extract affected the survival of engorged and adult female Boophilus microplus Canst. and inhibited its oviposition and embryogenesis | Jamaica | [172] |
|
| Peganum harmala L. | Zygophyllaceae | Aerial parts | Extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol showed toxicity effects on engorged females of Boophilus annulatus Say, 1821 | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Pelargonium graveolens L’Hérit. or P. Odoratissimum (lemon plant/rose geranium/sweet scented geranium) | Geraniaceae (the stork’s bill family) | Leaf/flower | Rose geranium essential oil, tick repellent against Ixodes spp. | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
|
| Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass) | Gramineae/Poaceae (grass family) | Whole plant | Weak toxic/repellent | South America | [108] |
|
| Pennisetum typhoides | Gramineae/Poaceae (grass family) | Corn and stem | Powder/dust | Southern Africa and Niger | [127, 181] |
|
| Petiveria alliacea L. (Guinea hen) | Phytolaccaceae | Leaf, root | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. Crude ethanol extracts exhibit some repellent activity against B. Microplus Canst. Dibenzyltrisulfide, a compound in the roots of P. alliacea, is acaricidal | Jamaica; Central and South America, Caribbean and Africa | [58, 182] Cornell University Medicinal plants Homepage-2003 |
|
| Peucedanum angolense (Welw.) | Apiaceae (carrot family) | Leaf | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Physostigma mesoponticum Taub. | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Tuber, leaf, bark, root | An infusion | Malawi | [96] |
|
| Phytolacca dodecandra L’Herit. | Phytolaccaceae | Leaf | Juice; acaricide | Rwanda, Ethiopia | [149, 151] |
|
| Pimenta dioica L. (pimento) | Myrtaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Pimenta racemosa (West Indian bay tree, bay rum tree, wild cinnamon, and bayberry) | Myrtaceae | Leaf | Bay essential oil, repellent against ticks (Ixodes spp.) | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
|
| Piper amalago L. (black jointer) | Piperaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Piper auritum H. B. & K. | Piperaceae | Whole plant parts | Juice | USA | [18] |
|
| Piper auritum H. B. & K. | Piperaceae | Whole plant | Juice | Central America | [183] |
|
| Piper capense L. f. | Piperaceae | Leaf | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Piqueria trinervia Cav. | Compositae | Leaf/flower/root | Piquerols A and B as acaricide against Boophilus microplus Canst. | South America | [184] |
|
| Pongamia pinnata Vent. (Indian beech, Pongam oil tree) | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Seed | Pongamia essential oil is used as acaricide against Boophilus microplus Canst. | India | [145] |
|
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco var. menziesii (formerly P. taxifolia) (Douglas-fir, Douglasfir) | Pinaceae (pine family) | Wood pitch | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) at >2% concentration (wt : vol) | USA | [139] |
|
| Psiadia punctulata (DC) Vatke | Asteraceae/Compositae (daisy family) | Whole plant | A concoction mixed with aloe (Aloe secundiflora) effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species) | Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi | [129] |
|
| Ptaeroxylon obliquum Radlk | Ptaeroxylaceae | | An infusion of the powder as a wash | Southern Africa | [18, 127] |
|
| Ranunculus multifidus Forsk. | Ranunculaceae (buttercup family) | Fruit | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Reaumuria hirtella (Jaub. & Spach) | Tamaricaceae | Aerial parts | Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Rhoicissus tridentata | Vitaceae | Plant parts | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Ricinus communis L. (castor oil plant) | Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) | Leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
| Seed | Custard seed oil as an acaricide | India | [144] |
| Leaf | Dichloromethane extracts were repellent to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus | South Africa | [128] |
|
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Leaf | Rosemary essential oil, repellent against ticks (Ixodes spp.) | Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA | [125] |
|
| Stylosanthes scabra cv. Fitzroy or Seca | Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Whole plant (grass) | Toxic to Boophilus microplus Canst. | South America | [110] |
|
| Salvia serotina L./Wild. (little woman/chicken weed) | Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Sambucus nigra spp. Canadensis (S. canadensis) L. (American Elder or elderberry/European elder) | Adoxaceae/Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family) | Leaf | Extracts as acaricides | USA | [167] |
|
| Sambucus nigra spp. Canadensis (S. canadensis) L. (American Elder or elderberry/European elder) | Adoxaceae/Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family) | Leaf | Leaf extract mixed with tobacco dust and Eucalyptus oil | USA | [18, 167] |
|
| Sclerocarya caffra Sond. | Anacardiaceae | Fruit | Acaricide | South Africa/East Africa/Madagascar | [18, 127] |
|
| Securidaca longipedunculata Fres. | Polygalaceae | Plant | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Sequoia sempervirens L. (redwood, coast redwood, and California redwood) | Taxodiaceae (bald cypress family)/Cupressaceae (cypress family) | Heartwood and leaves | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.1.673 and 0.079% wt : vol, resp.) | USA | [139] |
|
| Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J. Buchholz (giant sequoia, big tree, giant redwood) | Taxodiaceae | Heartwood and leaves | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) at >2% concentration (wt : vol) | USA | [139] |
|
| Senna italica subsp. arachoides (Mill.) Goora wall. (Italian senna) | Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Root | The acaricidal activity of the ethyl acetate root extract increased significantly with concentration when tested against Hyalomma marginatum rufipes | South Africa | [185] |
|
| Sida acuta Burm. (broom weed) | Malvaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Milk thistle) | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol showed toxicity effects on engorged females of Boophilus annulatus Say, 1821 | Egypt | [138] |
|
| Simarouba glauca DC. (Bitter wood) | Simaroubaceae (quassia family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. (jojoba, goat nut, deer nut, pignut, wild hazel, quinine nut, coffeeberry, or gray box bush) | Simmondsiaceae | Aerial parts | Extracts caused motalities and affected reproductive physiology of the adult female tick, Boophilus annulatus | Egypt | [186] |
|
| Solanum dasyphyllum Schum. et Thonn. | Solanaceae (nightshade family) | Fruit, leaf, stem | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Solanum incanum (sodom apple) | Solanaceae (nightshade family) | Fruit | Juice | Ethiopia | [149] |
| Whole plant | A concoction mixed with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) to make an effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species) | Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi | [129] |
|
| Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (sorghum) | Poaceae (grass family) | Whole plant | Extracts caused motalities and affected reproductive physiology of the adult female tick, Boophilus annulatus | Egypt | [186] |
| Aerial part | Affects livestock ticks | Kenya | [47] |
|
| Spigelia anthelmia L. (worm grass) | Loganiaceae (Logania family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Wild. (vervine) | Verbenaceae (verbena/vervain family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Stemona collinsae Craib. | Stemonaceae (Stemona family) | Whole plant | 50% concentration of extract caused 100 and 93.33% mortalities of engorged nymphs and adults of Boophilus microplus Canst., respectively | Thailand | [187] |
|
| Stemona tuberosa Lour. | Stemonaceae (Stemona family) | Whole plant | 5% of chlorhydric acid extracts killed larvae of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Boophilus microplus and Haemaphysalis intermedia ixodid ticks | Vietnam | [188] |
|
| Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. (black monkeys) | Loganiaceae | Leaf | Infusion had a strong dipping and topical toxicity effect against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. The extract showed repellence activity against R. appendiculatus | South Africa | [128] |
|
| Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano. | Fabaceae (pea family) | Whole plant (grass) | Toxic/repellent against Boophilus microplus Canst. | South America, | [189–192] |
| Australia | [110, 111] |
|
| Stylosanthes humilis H. B. K. | Fabaceae (pea family) | Whole plant (grass) | Toxic/repellent against Boophilus microplus Canst. | South America | [189–192] |
|
| Stylosanthes scabra Vogel. (shrubby stylo) | Fabaceae (pea family) | Whole plant | Extracts caused a high larval mortality of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Boophilus microplus, and Haemaphysalis intermedia ixodid ticks | India | [193] |
|
| Stypopodium lobalum (C. Agardh) Kützing. | Dictyotaceae (thalloid brown alga) | Whole plant | Topical application of crude ethanol extract affected the survival of engorged and adult female Boophilus microplus Canst. and inhibited its oviposition and embryogenesis | Jamaica | [172] |
|
| Symphytum officinale L. (Comfrey) | Boraginaceae (borage family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica, USA | [58] |
|
| Tabernaemontana johnstonii | Apocynaceae | — | Acaricide | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Tagetes minuta L. (marigold) | Asteraceae (daisy family). | Aerial parts | Extracted essential oil had significant repellent effect against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult ticks | Kenya | [47, 194] |
| Extracted essential oil had significant repellent effect against Hyalomma rufipes adult ticks | South Africa | [195] |
|
| Tagetes patula French (marigold, dwarf marigold, or dwarf French marigold) | Asteraceae (daisy family) | — | — | Rwanda | [151] |
|
| Tamarindus indicus L. (tamarind) | Caesalpiniacae (gulmohar family) | Mature fruit | Water and 10% ethanol crude extracts caused mortality of engorged female, Boophilus microplus Canst.
Organic acids in tamarind fruits (oxalic, malic, succinic, citric and tartaric acids) also caused mortality of B. microplus Canst. | Thailand | [196] |
|
| Tanacetum vulgare | Asteraceae ([also known as Compositae] daisy family) | Whole plant | Essential oils are acaricidal | Europe, Eastern North America | http://www.florahealth.com/home_int.cfm |
|
| Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. (bald cypress and swamp Cypress) | Taxodiaceae (bald cypress family) | Heartwood and leaves | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) at >2% concentration (wt : vol) | USA | [139] |
|
| Tephrosia leiocarpa A. Gray | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Root | Acaricide | North America | [197] |
|
| Tephrosia vogelii Hook F. | Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family) | Leaf, root, pod, seed, bark, whole plant | Rotenoids present in an infusion acts like modern dips. Toxic to 1-, 2-, and 3-host ticks | Cameroon, USA, Malawi, Tanzania | [18, 150, 198–202] |
|
| Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in Lambert 1824 (Western/giant red cedar, giant arborvitae, shinglewood, canoe cedar) | Cupressaceae (cypress family) | Heartwood and leaves | Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.821 and 0.022% wt : vol, resp.) | USA | [139] |
|
| Thylachium africanum Lour. | Capparidaceae | Aerial parts/oil | Repellency of their essential oil | Kenya | [104] |
|
| Turnera ulmifolia L. (ramgoat dashalong) | Turneraceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Turpentine, name applied to numerous semifluid, yellow or brownish oleoresins obtained from various coniferous trees in Asia, Europe, and America Turpentine, Syncarpia glomulifera | Myrtaceae | — | Acaricide | USA | [150] |
|
| Urena lobata L. (bur mallow) | Malvaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter-leaf tree) | Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family) | Leaf | Juice | Ethiopia | [149] |
|
| Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree, chasteberry, Abraham’s balm, or monk’s pepper) | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | Ethanol, propylene carbonate, Vitex agnus-castus concentrate, topical application, repelling horseflies, flies and mosquitoes | Switzerland | [203] |
|
| Wedelia trilobata L. (yellow marigold) | Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family) | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
| Zingiber officinale Wild. (Ginger) | Zingiberaceae | Fresh leaf | Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. | Jamaica | [58] |
|
