|
| Significant pharmacokinetic HDIs with potential or actual clinical relevance | Significant pharmacodynamic HDIs with potential or actual clinical relevance | Neutral HDIs lack of potential clinical relevance |
|
| Baicalin + rosuvastatin [11] | Free and Easy Wanderer Plus + carbamazepine [46] | Liu Wei Di Huang Wan + substrates of CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4 (cocktail phenotyping study) [61] |
| St. John’s wort + warfarin [13, 14] | Shakuyaku-kanzo-to + antipsychotic agents [47] | Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, saw palmetto extracts, Ginkgo biloba, or Panax ginseng + substrates of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4 (cocktail phenotyping study) [32, 33, 62] |
| St. John’s wort + oral oxycodone [15] | Saffron aqueous extract + olanzapine [48] | Curcuminoid/piperine extract + substrates of CYP3A, CYP2C9, UGT, or SULT (cocktail phenotyping study) [63] |
| St. John’s wort + oral S-ketamine [18] | Saffron + fluoxetine [49, 50] | St. John’s wort + substrates of CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, or P-gp (cocktail phenotyping study) [64] |
| St. John’s wort + cyclosporine [19] | Ginkgo biloba extract + haloperidol [51] | Woohwangcheongsimwon suspension + bupropion (CYP2B6 phenotyping study) [65] |
| St. John’s wort + irinotecan [20] | Cranberry + warfarin [52] | Ginkgo biloba extracts + flurbiprofen (CYP2C9 phenotyping study) [66] |
| Echinacea + warfarin [23] | Ginkgo biloba extract + iodine-131 therapy [53] | Milk thistle and black cohosh supplementation + digoxin (P-gp phenotyping study) [67] |
| American ginseng + warfarin [24] | Radix/rhizoma notoginseng extract + aspirin [54] | Silibinin + nifedipine (CYP3A4 phenotyping study) [68] |
| Ginkgo biloba extracts + simvastatin [25] | Bergamot polyphenolic fraction + rosuvastatin [55] | Turmeric extract + nifedipine (CYP3A4 phenotyping study) [69] |
| Eurycoma longifolia water-based extract + propranolol [26] | Total ginsenosides + ulinastatin [56] | Grape seed extract + dextromethorphan (CYP2D6 phenotyping study) [70] |
| Yin Zhi Huang + omeprazole [27] | Fuzheng Yiliu decoction + chemotherapy [57] | Radix Astragali extract + fexofenadine (P-gp phenotyping study) [71] |
| Dehusked Garcinia kola seed + quinine [29] | St. John’s wort + low-dose oral contraceptive [58] | Hawthorn preparation + digoxin (P-gp phenotyping study) [72] |
| Berberine + cyclosporine [30] | St. John’s wort product + atorvastatin or simvastatin [59, 60] | Standardized goldenseal, kava-kava, milk thistle, or black cohosh supplement + digoxin (P-gp phenotyping study) [73, 74] |
| St. John’s wort + substrates of CYP3A (phenotyping study) [31–33] | | St. John’s wort + repaglinide or boceprevir [75, 76] |
| St. John’s wort + substrates of P-gp (phenotyping study) [34–36] | | Ginkgo biloba extracts + ticlopidine, cilostazol, clopidogrel, voriconazole, or raltegravir [77–81] |
| St. John’s wort + substrates of CYP2C19 (phenotyping study) [37, 38] | | Ginkgo or ginger + warfarin [82] |
| Effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts on P-gp [39] | | Aged garlic extract + warfarin [83] |
| Rhodiola rosea + substrates of CYP2C9 (phenotyping study) [40] | | Garlic extract + ritonavir [84] |
| Goldenseal + substrates of CYP3A or CYP2D6 (phenotyping study) [41, 42] | | Panax ginseng + warfarin [86] |
| Genistein + substrates of CYP3A or P-gp (phenotyping study) [44] | | Milk thistle extract + indinavir [87] |
| Berberine + substrates of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 [45] | | Lavender oil preparation (Silexan) + oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel [88] |
| | | Sho-saiko-to, Rikkunshito, or Saireito + ofloxacin [89] |
| | | Tong Xin Luo, Nao Xin Tong, Guan Mai Ning, or Yin Xing Ye + simvastatin [90] |
| | | Paeoniae Radix + valproic acid [91] |
|
