The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Gumiganghwal-Tang in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase II Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study

Chang, Sung Hae; Song, Yun-Kyung; Nah, Seong-Su

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3165125

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

On this page

Abstract Background Methods Results Conclusions Abbreviations Data Availability Consent Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 3165125 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3165125

The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Gumiganghwal-Tang in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase II Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study

Sung Hae Chang,¹Yun-Kyung Song,²and Seong-Su Nah¹

Academic Editor: Jenny M. Wilkinson

Received30 Mar 2018

Revised13 Oct 2018

Accepted06 Nov 2018

Published14 Nov 2018

Abstract

Background. Gumiganghwal-tang (GMGHT) is a traditional herbal medicine consisting of nine different herbs. GMGHT inhibits the mRNA expression and production of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and TNF- β on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. It is empirically used for the treatment of inflammatory disease, but there are few reports of clinical trials that investigate its efficacy and safety. The current study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of GMGHT in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. This was a multicenter, two-armed, double-blinded, randomized, placebo controlled study of GMGHT over 6 weeks. Eligible patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for OA were randomized to receive either GMGHT or the placebo. Clinical assessments included measurement of knee pain and function using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), patient global assessment (PGA), and knee pain scores every 2 weeks. Results. A total of 128 patients were enrolled (91.4% female; mean age, 58.7 ± 8.1 years). At baseline, pain visual analogue score (VAS) was 67.2 ± 1.4, resp. 71.3 ± 1.6 (treatment, resp. placebo group, p=0.84), and total WOMAC score was 55.2 ± 1.6, resp. 55.6 ± 1.5 (p = 0.84). After 6 weeks, the pain VAS was 43.0 ± 2.5, resp. 61.6 ± 2.5 (p < 0.01) and the total WOMAC score was 34.1 ± 2.4, resp. 46.9 ± 1.8 (p < 0.01). No patients withdrew because of treatment emergent adverse events. Expected adverse events including dyspepsia, liver function abnormality, and lower extremity edema were comparable between both groups. Conclusions. Treatment with GMGHT resulted in significant improvement in pain, function, and global assessment, and it was generally safe and well tolerated in patients with OA.

1. Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent disease with substantial socioeconomical impact. OA commonly falls under the umbrella term of degenerative diseases that are associated with aging. Of note, the fact that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) improve pain more than paracetamol in certain patient groups of OA or that intra-articular triamcinolone injection showed superior results compared to intra-articular visco-supplementation for alleviating joint pain supports the pivotal role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of OA [1–3].

The pharmacological treatment for control of the active symptoms of osteoarthritis is mainly acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and tramadol [4, 5]. However, acetaminophen is less effective, and tramadol may cause dizziness or aggravated orthostatic hypotension especially in elderly patients. NSAIDs are known to be associated with increased cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks [6–8]. Considering that up to 30% of patients with knee OA had 3 or more self-reported comorbid conditions, the current medical treatment options are not sufficient [9, 10]. Therefore, there have been many efforts to develop medications with adequate efficacy but without the associated side effects.

Gumiganghwal-tang (GMGHT) is composed of 9 plants, and the main components are Angelicae pubescentis radix and Ledebouriellae radix. It has been used to treat the common cold and arthralgia in Korean traditional medicine. The extract of Angelicae pubescentis radix showed analgesic and antiplatelet effects in an in vivo study and has been described as having a similar function to aspirin [11, 12]. GMGHT also has an analgesic effect comparable to piroxicam as demonstrated in an acetic acid induced writhing test. The GMGHT was able to ameliorate inflammation via inhibition of NF-kB resulting in the reduction of cytokine production in vitro [13, 14]. Several studies to evaluate toxicity of GMGHT revealed no-observed-adverse-effect-level and that GMGHT relieved pain via an anti-inflammatory effect. Considering the significant role of inflammation in OA, the aforementioned results suggest GMGHT may be another pharmacological treatment option for controlling OA. Therefore, in the current study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of GMGHT in knee OA.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Study Design

This study was conducted as a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study at both Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital and Gachon University Gil Oriental Medical Hospital from July 2010 to August 2011. The study was approved by the local ethical committees (Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital: IRB-No. SCH 004, Gachon University Gil Oriental Medical Hospital). The study was performed in accordance with the protocol, and all subjects provided written informed consent.

Upon enrolment to the study, the participants had a washout period, at least 5 times the half-lives of concomitant NSAIDs or COX 2 inhibitors. The screening period including the washout period did not exceed a maximum of 2 weeks, and eligible participants were randomized for allocation to either the GMGHT group (study group) or placebo group (control group) in a 1:1 ratio. The researcher who was not involved in the trial had made a randomized list with sequential numbers, and patients were allocated serially. The participants and clinical investigator were blinded to the study interventions. Randomized patients visited the clinic every 2 weeks over the 6-week study period. Any concomitant medications for OA were prohibited during the study period except acetaminophen (Tyleno-ER R tablet 650 mg, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Titusville, New Jersey), which was allowed as a rescue medicine for pain relief if needed. The maximum dose of acetaminophen permitted was 3000 mg per day, which was refrained within 24 h of clinical assessment during the study.

2.2. Patients

Participants who met the following inclusion criteria were recruited to the trial: age 40 years or older, diagnosis of clinical symptomatic knee OA defined using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for at least 3 months before screening, documented radiographic changes indicating OA of the knee (Kellgren-Lawrence grade greater than or equal to 2 at the time of screening), pain in at least one knee with a visual analogue scale pain score of ≥ 50 mm and < 80 mm ( 1-100 mm scale), pain requiring analgesia or NSAIDs at least 5 days or more than a week in the last month, not pregnant or lactating, use of effective contraception if participant is a woman of childbearing age, and a signed consent statement. Patients with congestive heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, a history of stroke, renal artery stenosis, ischemic heart disease or renal failure, hypersensitivity or intolerance to NSAIDs/aspirin/COX-2 inhibitor, hemostatic dysfunction including concurrent warfarin treatment, and inability to provide informed consent, who were pregnant or lactating, were excluded. Patients were also excluded if they had concurrent disease resulting in secondary osteoarthritis such as a fracture, septic arthritis, or inflammatory arthritis, if they underwent orthopedic surgery within the 6 months prior to screening, or if they planned to have a surgical procedure during the study period.

2.3. Preparations

GMGHT is a mixture of nine traditional drugs as mentioned previously (Table 1). GMGHT is one of reimbursed traditional herbal medicine in Korea as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic drug. GMGHT is produced by several pharmaceutical companies. In the current study, a 43.9 g GMGHT granule and placebo was provided by Hanpoong Pharmaceuticals Inc. (additional drug descriptions can be found on the following webpage: http://www.hanpoong.co.kr/ab-goods-280-1001001003). The placebo granule is indistinguishable from GMGHT in its taste, smell, and color; its gradient is composed of excipients. The subjects took the GMGHT or placebo twice a day: one pack in the morning and one in the evening.

2.4. Outcome Measures

Outcome assessments were conducted at screening, baseline, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after randomization. Within 48 hours of each visit, the subject responded to the 5-point Likert-type version of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires. The patient’s VAS scale (0–100 mm) and pain assessment, and the physician’s global disease assessment were also evaluated. Primary outcomes in this study were changes in the total WOMAC score. Secondary outcomes included the change in WOMAC, pain, function, and stiffness subscale score, the patient and physician’s global assessment, and adverse drug reactions and adherence as measured by medication count and diary. The primary outcome of the current study was that 4-week GMGHT treatment would result in improvement of WOMAC scores.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Assuming that GMGHT improves the WOMAC score by 10 mm and patient’s global assessment by 0.5 from baseline, and assuming an α level of 0.05 (2-tailed), a power of 0.80, and a dropout rate of 20%, the sample size calculation revealed that 73 patients for each group were needed for enrolment. A per-protocol analysis was performed for the 127 patients who completed the 6-week study periods. A paired t-test was used to assess changes from baseline measurements for both the primary and secondary outcomes between each treatment group. An independent two-sample Student’s t-test was used to compare differences between the treatment groups in the change from baseline for continuous outcome measures. P ≤ 0.05 was used as the level of significance for all analyses. All analyses were performed using PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

3. Results

A total of 161 patients were recruited into this study, of whom 18 were excluded (Figure 1). The remaining 143 patients were randomized into either the GMGHT or placebo group. In the GMGHT group, 9 patients withdrew from the study due to ineffectiveness (n = 3), a transportation problem (n = 1), retraction of informed consent (n = 1), in-hospital treatment not associated with study drug but with other medical condition (car accident, n = 1) and poor compliance including insufficient drug administration, mistaken f/u (follow-up) date (n = 3). In the placebo group, 7 patients withdrew from the study due to ineffectiveness (n = 2), in-hospital treatment due to severe upper respiratory infection (n=1), and poor compliance (n = 4).

At baseline, there was no significant difference in demographic data e.g., sex, age, height, and duration of symptomatic OA between the two treatment groups except for weight and BMI. The baseline radiographic findings (Kellgren and Lawrence grade), WOMAC score, patient global assessment, patient’s pain assessment, and physician’s global assessment were comparable between the GMGHT and placebo group (Table 2).

The mean total WOMAC score was significantly lower in the GMGHT group compared to the placebo group in the and week of the study (Table 2). This difference was maintained 2 weeks later following cessation of the medication. The change in total WOMAC score from baseline also significantly improved in the GMGHT group compared to placebo group in , , and weeks (Table 3, Figure 2).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The change in patient’s pain assessment, patient’s global assessment, and physician’s global assessment from baseline significantly improved in the GMGHT group compared to the placebo group in the , , and weeks (Table 4, Figure 3). The change in pain and function WOMAC score from baseline significantly improved in the GMGHT group compared to the placebo group in the , , and weeks. In contrast, the change in stiffness WOMAC score from baseline was significantly different in week, but not in week and week.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Adverse events were reported in a total of 30 participants: 14 patients in the GMGHT group (22.2 %) and 16 in the placebo group (23.9%, p = 0.82). There were two cases of serious adverse events, resulting in cessations of the study medication; one patient in the GMGHT group had in-hospital treatment due to a severe upper respiratory infection and another patient in the placebo group had in-hospital treatment due to a car accident. Both cases were not associated with the medication in the study. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported in a total of 28 cases: 13 cases in the GMGHT group (20.6%) and 15 cases in the placebo group (22.4%). The most common ADR was related to the gastrointestinal system: bitter taste (3 GMGHT, 4 placebo), transient dyspepsia (2 GMGHT, 4 placebo), flatulence (2 GMGHT, 3 placebo), transient epigastric pain (1 GMGHT), and transient constipation (1 placebo ). The liver function tests were elevated less than 3 times the upper limit in 3 patients (2 GMGHT, 1 placebo), and they recovered within a week without alteration of the study medications. No severe ADR was reported in either group.

4. Discussions

This randomized, placebo controlled study investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of GMGHT in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. We found that administration of GMGHT resulted in significant improvement of the total WOMAC score after 4 weeks of treatment. This improvement was noticed early in the week in the outcome measures of pain and function and the benefit continued for 2 weeks after cessation of the study medication.

OA is classified as noninflammatory arthritis compared to chronic inflammatory arthritis, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis. However, studies investigating the pathomechanism of OA suggest that inflammation is critical in OA development and progression. Although OA is a prevalent disease and our understanding of the pathomechanisms has progressed, medication for OA has not improved.

GMGHT is mixture of 9 traditional herbs and one of the most commonly used herbal prescriptions in Korea [15]. It has been used to treat the common cold, pain, and inflammatory diseases. Oral administration of GMGHT in vivo showed anti-inflammatory activity in 1% carrageenin and acetic acid induced edema in rats and an analgesic effect comparable to piroxicam in the writhing syndromes induced by acetic acid in mice [14]. In vitro, GMGHT effectively inhibited the production and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated peritoneal macrophages [13]. In a dose-dependent manner, GMGHT also attenuated the mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) via suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by blocking the Rel/p65 translocation to the nucleus [13]. These data suggest GMGHT has anti-inflammatory properties and can explain why GMGHT is effective in patients with arthritis.

Pharmacological treatment for OA is largely classified as medication for slowing down the progression of OA (i.e., disease modifying OA drugs, DMOADs) or for alleviating symptoms that is further classified into symptomatic rapid acting drugs such as NSAIDs and symptomatic slow acting drugs (symptomatic slow acting drugs for OA, Sy-SADOA), which have a time to action of several weeks and a residual effect after treatment discontinuation [16, 17]. Most of Sy-SADOA, paracetamol, and topical NSAIDs are not sufficient to control pain, and oral NSAIDs are often used. Oral NSAIDs provide rapid improvement in pain, but they are associated with gastrointestinal complications and may result in deterioration [18–20]. Although selective COX-2 inhibitors showed less gastrointestinal side effects, they are associated with increased cardiovascular risk [6, 8]. As patients with OA often have at least one comorbidity, it is often difficult to prescribe these medications for OA.

In the current study, improvement of WOMAC scores was observed early in the week after taking GMGHT. Furthermore, GMGHT showed rapid improvement in both pain and stiffness outcomes within 14 days of administration, which is similar to the effect of NSAIDS, which is a rapid onset symptom controlling medication for OA. Improvement in pain persisted for 14 days after discontinuation of the study drugs. These results suggest GMGHT may have a role not only as a drug for rapid onset symptomatic treatment but also as Sy-SADOAs. In contrast to NSAIDs, there were a few adverse drug reactions, including edema, and elevated serum creatinine levels. There were three patients who showed abnormal liver function tests (2 in GMGHT, 1 in placebo), but they rapidly returned to the normal range within 1 week while continuing the GMGHT medication. None of those patients took acetaminophen, a rescue medication, more than 3000mg per day which is the allowed dose in this study and within usual safe therapeutic dose. The GMGHT dose (43.9 g twice a day) in the current study is less likely to be toxic to liver; previous in vivo study demonstrated the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for GMGHT as a dietary dose of over 2000mg/kg/day [21]. In vitro, within concentration of 500 μg/ml, GMGHT has no cytotoxic effect on hepatocytes [22]. In addition, because GMGHT inhibits cytochrome P450, especially CYP2D6 and CYPE1, it is less likely that concurrent administration of acetaminophen and GMGHT might be associated with hepatotoxicity in terms of drug-drug interaction [23].

There are several limitations in the current study. First, established medications including NSAIDs were not employed to compare the effects of GMGHT to conventional treatment. Secondly, there was a statistically significant difference in body weight and body mass index (BMI) between the placebo and treatment groups. Although obesity is a contributing factor for symptomatic knee OA, considering comparable baseline parameters (i.e., the patient’s global assessment, physician’s global assessment, and WOMAC scores), the difference would have had little impact on the study results. Finally, only one fixed dose of GMGHT was applied in the current study because safety and tolerability were as important as efficacy; therefore, we could not verify the effect of different doses on the efficacy and safety in OA patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes and multiple dosages are warranted.

5. Conclusions

This prospective, randomized, double-blinded multicenter study demonstrated that 4-week treatment with GMGHT in patients with knee OA was effective in improving pain and function and had good safety and tolerability profiles.

Abbreviations

ACR:	American College of Rheumatology
ADR:	Adverse drug reaction
BMI:	Body mass index
COX 2:	Cyclooxygenase
DAMPs:	Danger-associated molecular patterns
DMOADs:	Disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs
GMGHT:	Gumiganghwal-tang
IL-6:	Interleukin-6
LPS:	Lipopolysaccharide
NF-κB:	Nuclear factor-κB
NSAIDs:	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
OA:	Osteoarthritis
PAMPs:	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Sy-SADOA:	Symptomatic slow acting drugs for osteoarthritis
TNF-α:	Tumor necrosis factor-α
TXA 2:	Thromboxane A2
VAS:	Visual analogue scale
WOMAC:	Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

The written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Conflicts of Interest

All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Seong-Su Nah and Yun-Kyung Song participated in the design of study, conducting study, data analyses, and manuscript preparation. Sung Hae Chang was involved in data analyses and manuscript preparation.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in parts by grants from Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare (No. B090081), and was also supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund. This research has been presented in the 2016 ACR/ARHP Annual meeting.

References

F. Boureau, H. Schneid, N. Zeghari, R. Wall, and P. Bourgeois, “The IPSO study: Ibuprofen, paracetamol study in osteoarthritis. A randomised comparative clinical study comparing the efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and paracetamol analgesic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee or hip,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 63, no. 9, pp. 1028–1034, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Bellamy, J. Campbell, V. Robinson, T. Gee, R. Bourne, and G. Wells, “Intraarticular corticosteroid for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 2, p. CD005328, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Ozturk, F. Atamaz, S. Hepguler, M. Argin, and R. Arkun, “The safety and efficacy of intraarticular hyaluronan with/without corticosteroid in knee osteoarthritis: 1-Year, single-blind, randomized study,” Rheumatology International, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 314–319, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. C. Hochberg, R. D. Altman, K. T. April et al., “American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee,” Arthritis Care & Research, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 465–474, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. E. McAlindon, R. R. Bannuru, M. C. Sullivan et al., “OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis,” Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 363–388, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. B. White, G. Faich, J. S. Borer, and R. W. Makuch, “Cardiovascular thrombotic events in arthritis trials of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib,” American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 411–418, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. Wallace, “Polypharmacy of osteoarthritis: The perfect intestinal storm,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 3088–3093, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Catella-Lawson, M. P. Reilly, S. C. Kapoor et al., “Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 345, no. 25, pp. 1809–1817, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Nüesch, P. Dieppe, S. Reichenbach, S. Williams, S. Iff, and P. Jüni, “All cause and disease specific mortality in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: Population based cohort study,” BMJ, vol. 342, no. 7798, p. 638, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Hawker, R. Croxford, A. S. Bierman et al., “All-cause mortality and serious cardiovascular events in people with hip and knee osteoarthritis: A population based cohort study,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 3, Article ID e91286, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. S. Yun-Choi, J. H. Kim, and J. R. Lee, “Potential Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation from Plant Sources, III,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1059–1064, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G.-I. Lee, J. Y. Ha, K. R. Min et al., “Inhibitory effects of oriental herbal medicines on IL-8 induction in lipopolysaccharide-activated rat macrophages,” Planta Medica, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 26–30, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kim, H. Jeong, P. Moon et al., “Anti-inflammatory Activity of Gumiganghwaltang through the Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB Activation in Peritoneal Macrophages,” Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 233–237, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Young Hee Moon, Jae Jong Go, and J.-Y. Park, “The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Gumiganghwaltang,” Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 18–24, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Lee, “Research on intake of Chinese medicine by Korean,” in Korea Food and Drug Administration, p. 91, Korea Food and Drug Administration, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Lequesne, K. Brandt, N. Bellamy, R. Moskowitz, CJ. Menkes, and JP. Pelletier, “Guidelines for testing slow acting drugs in osteoarthritis,” J Rheumatol Suppl, pp. 41–65, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Bellamy, “Clinical trials design: Structure modifying agents for osteoarthritis. Future guidelines: Areas for development,” Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 424–426, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Castellsague, N. Riera-Guardia, B. Calingaert et al., “Individual NSAIDs and upper gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (the SOS Project),” Drug Safety, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1127–1146, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C.-I. Chou, C.-J. Shih, Y.-T. Chen et al., “Adverse effects of oral nonselective and cyclooxygenase-2-selective nsaids on hospitalization for acute kidney injury: A nested case-control cohort study,” Medicine (United States), vol. 95, no. 9, Article ID e2645, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Patrono, “Cardiovascular effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: a mechanistic and clinical perspective,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, pp. 957–964, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M.-Y. Lee, C.-S. Seo, I.-S. Shin et al., “Toxicological evaluation of Gumiganghwaltang aqueous extract in Crl: CD (SD) rats: 13weeks oral gavage studies,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 553–560, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Eun Seong Jin S-JJ, Shin Hyeun-Kyoo, and Hyekyung Ha, “Hepatoprotective Effects of 25 Herbal Formulas in Primary Rat Hepatocytes,” Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 617–624, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
S. E. Jin, H. Ha, S. Jeong, and H. Shin, “Effects of Korean traditional herbal formula for common cold on the activities of human CYP450 isozymes,” Journal of Korean Medicine, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 47–59, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2018 Sung Hae Chang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1560

Downloads

923

Citations