Plant-Derived Products for Treatment of Vascular Intima Hyperplasia Selectively Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions

Table 1

The structure, cells, category, source, and mechanism of typical flavonoid compounds on inhibiting VSMCs proliferation and migration.

Compound name	Structure	Cells and animals	Category	Sources	Mechanism
(2S)-naringenin		rASMCs	Flavonoid	Typha angustata	G0/G1 ↓; cyclins D1 ↓; cyclins E ↓; CDK2/4 ↓; PCNA ↓; pho of rb protein ↓
Catechins		rASMCs and rat balloon injury	Flavonoid (Flavanols)	Green tea	TIMP-2 ↑, in vivo: TIMP-2 ↑
Icariin		hASMCs	Flavonoid (Prenylated flavonol glycoside)	Epimedium brevicornum	pERK1/2 ↓; G1/S ↓; PCNA ↓
Morelloflavone		mVSMCs and mouse artery injury	Biflavonoid	Garcinia dulcis	FAK ↓; Src ↓; ERK ↓; RhoA ↓
Puerarin		rASMCs and rat balloon injury	Isoflavone	Radix puerariae	ROS ↓; Nox ↓; PKC;PKCβ2 ↓; Rac1 ↓; p47phox ↓; p67phox ↓
Kaempferol		hpASMCs	Flavonoid	Widely (grapefruit, Ginkgo biloba)	miR-21 ↑; ROCK4/5/7 ↓
Nobiletin		rASMCs and rat balloon injury	Flavonoid	Widely (citrus fruits)	ROS ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; NF-κB p65 ↓, in vivo: TNF-α ↓; IL-6 ↓
Alpinetin		rASMCs	Flavonoid	Widely (Alpinia katsumadai, Amomum subulatum, and etc.)	LDH ↓; NO ↓
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside		mASMCs	Flavonoid	Hibiscus sabdariffa	ROS ↓;NoxA1 ↓; pSTAT3 ↓
Hesperetin		rpASMCs	Flavonoid	Widely (lemons and sweet oranges)	Block G1/S; cyclin D1 ↓; cyclin E ↓; CDK2/4 ↓; p38 ↓; p27 ↑; regulate AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway
Pinocembrin		rAMSCs and rat aortic rings injury	Flavonoid	Propolis	ERK1/2 ↓; MLC2 ↓; AT1R ↓
Glyceollins		hASMCs	Isoflavone	Soybean	Arrest G1/S phase; CDK2 ↓; cyclin D1 ↓; p27kip1 ↑; p53 ↑; ROS ↓; pPDGFr-β ↓; phospholipase Cγ1↓; Akt ↓; ERK1/2 ↓