Plant-Derived Products for Treatment of Vascular Intima Hyperplasia Selectively Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions

Table 2

The structure, cells, category, source, and mechanism of typical polyphenols compounds on inhibiting VSMCs proliferation and migration.

Compound name	Structure	Cells and animals	Category	Sources	Mechanism
Salvianolic acid B		NeCs; HAECs and cholesterol-fed rabbits; rTASMCs and rats balloon injury	Polyphenol	Salvia miltiorrhiza	(1) p53 ↑; NeCs apoptosis, (2) ROS ↓; LDL oxidation ↓; lipid deposition ↓, (3) PCNA ↓; NQO1 ↓; via Nrf2-ARE-NQO1 pathway
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)		rASMCs	Polyphenol	Honeybee propolis	Blocking G0/1 to S phase; pp38 ↑;HiF1α ↑;HO-1 ↑
Hispolon		rTA-A10-VSMCs	Polyphenol	Phellinus linteus	MMP2 ↓;MMP9 ↓; TIMP-1 ↑;TIMP-2 ↑; pFAK ↓; pERK1/2 ↓;PI3K/AKT ↓
-shogaol		rASMCs	Phenols	Zingiber officinale	Inhibit DNA synthesis; activation of (Nrf2)/HO-1 pathway
Resveratrol		ncTASMCs; mASMCs	Polyphenol	Widely (grapes, blueberries, raspberries, and etc.)	c-Src ↓, Rac1 ↓, cdc42 ↓, IRS-1 ↓, MEKK1 ↓,; MEKK4 ↓; p-Src; pFAK ↓; pAKT ↓; pERK1/2 ↓
Lithospermic acid		rTASMCs	Polyphenol	Salvia miltiorrhiza	ROS ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; cyclin D1 ↓; arresting cell cycle progression at the G1 phase; MMP9 ↓
Magnolol		Cholesterol-fed rabbits; rVSMCs; rats balloon injury	Polyphenol	Magnolia officinalis	(1) MCP-1 ↓, (2) Reduce collagen type I deposition; β1-integrin ↓;pFAK ↓;pMLC20 ↓; RhoA ↓;Cdc42 ↓
Obovatol		rASMCs; rats balloon injury	Biphenol	Magnolia obovata	Blocks the cell cycle in G1 phase; CDKs ↓;p21cip1 ↓
Curcumin		rTASMCs; rabbit artery injury; VECs; RAECs	Phenols	Curcuma longa	(1) Inhibits PDGF Receptor Binding; PDGFr ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; pAkt ↓, (2) P-selectin ↓; E-selectin ↓; GPIIb/GPIIIa ↓, (3) MMP2 ↓; pRas ↓; MEK1/2 ↓; NF-κB p65 ↓, (4) Curcumin protects aortic endothelial cells; eNOS ↑; caveolin-1 ↓;