Review Article
Plant-Derived Products for Treatment of Vascular Intima Hyperplasia Selectively Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions
Table 3
The structure, cells, category, source, and mechanism of terpenes on inhibiting VSMCs abnormal proliferation, migration, and functions.
| Compound name | Structure | Cells and animals | Category | Sources | Mechanism |
| Betulinic Acid | | VSMCs | Terpene | Various plant sources widespread throughout the tropics | Inducing G1 Arrest and Apoptosis | Parthenolide | | rVSMCs | Sesquiterpene lactone | Tanacetum parthenium | G0/G1 cell cycle arrest; p21 ↑; p27 ↑; IκBα ↑;Cox-2 ↓ | Plumericin | | rAVSMCs | Iridoid (Terpene) | Himatanthus sucuuba | Block STAT3 signaling; arrest VSMCs in the G1/G0-phase; cyclin D1 ↓; pRb ↓ | Paclitaxel | | Rat balloon injury; hCASMCs (CC-2583) and VSMCs (CC-2571); rTASMCs and VECs | Diterpenoid | Taxus cuspidata | (1) prevent neointimal formation via oral administration, (2) arrest G1/S phase; p21 ↑; p53 ↑ | Epothilone D | | rTASMCs; carotid artery injury | Diterpenoid | Sorangium cellulosum | CDK2 ↓; pRb ↓ | β-elemene | | hUVECs and VSMCs (A7r5); rat balloon injury | Terpene | Curcuma wenyujin | Antioxidant; Casp 3/7/9 ↑; Migration ↓ | Artemisinin | | rVSMCs and rat balloon injury; rTASMCs | Sesquiterpene lactone | Artemisia annua | (1) arrest G0/G1 phase; cyclin D1/E ↓; CDK2/4 ↓; caspase 3/9 ↑; Bax ↑; Bcl-2 ↓, (2) PCNA ↓; caspase 3↑; Bax ↑; Bax/Bcl-2 ratio ↑
| (S)-(-)-Perillic acid | | rASMCs | Monoterpene | Widely | Protein prenylation ↓ |
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