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| Compound name | Structure | Cells and animals | Category | Sources | Mechanism |
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| Bilirubin | | rVSMCs and mVSMCs; rat balloon injury | Ferric porphyrins | Heme | Inhibit MAPK signaling pathway; CDK2 ↓; Cyclin A/D1/E ↓; pRb ↓; YY1 ↓; p38 ↓ |
| capsaicin | | rASMCs | Capsaicinoids | Chili peppers | Inhibit DNA synthesis |
| Emodin | | hUVSMCs; rTASMCs; hASMCs; rat balloon injury | Anthraquinone | Rheum officinale | (1) Arrest cell cycle, induce apoptosis and autophagy; ROS ↑; p53 ↑, (2) PCNA ↓; c-myc ↓, (3) CRP ↓;ROS ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; p38 ↓; PPARγ ↑, (4) Induce apoptosis; Bcl-2 ↓; Bax ↑, (5) MMP2/9 ↓; NF-κB activation ↓ |
| Rhein | | hASMCs | Anthraquinone | Rheum palmatum | Col I/III ↓; Wnt4/Dvl-1/β-catenin ↓; miR-126 ↑ |
| Ajoene | | rASMCs | Organosulphur compound | Allium sativum | Inhibit protein prenylation and cholesterol biosynthesis |
| Gastrodin | | rASMCs, mice artery injury | Glucoside | Gastrodia elata B1 | Block S-phase; stabilised p27Kip1; PCNA ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; pp38 ↓; pAkt ↓; pGSK3β ↓ |
| Genipin | | rTASMCs | Aglycon | Gardenia jasminoides | HO-1 ↑; pERK/MAPK ↓; pAkt ↓; ROS ↓ |
| Ginsenoside Rg1 | | hASMCs; rat balloon injury | Steroid glycosides | Panax ginseng | (1) PCNA ↓; pERK2 ↓; c-fos ↓; MKP-1 ↑; (2) Arrest G1/S phase; GRKs ↓; PKC ↓; N-ras ↓; p21 ↑, (3) Cyclin D1 ↓; p53 ↑; p21WAF/CIP1 ↑; p27KIP1 ↑; inactivate PKB and ERK1/2 |
| Ostruthin | | rTASMCs | Coumarins | Peucedanum ostruthium | Inhibit DNA synthesis |
| Lycopene | | Rabbit artery injury | Carotenoid | Widely (tomatoes, red carrots,) | TG ↓; TC ↓; LDL-C ↓; HDL-C ↑; SOD ↑; T-AOC ↑; MDA ↓; PCNA ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; Nox1 ↓; ↓; HMG-CoA ↓; ABCA1 ↑ |
| Methyl Protodioscin | | A7r5 VSMCs; rat balloon injury | Steroidal saponin | Dioscorea collettii | Arrest G1/S phase; ADAM15 ↓; MMP2/9 ↓; FAK ↓; ERK ↓; PI3K ↓; Akt ↓ |
| Tanshinone IIA | | rASMCs; rat balloon injury | Phenolic acids | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Block cell cycle in G0/G1 phase; pERK1/2 ↓; c-fos ↓ |
| Sulforaphane | | rASMCs; rat balloon injury | Organosulfur compounds | Widely (cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbages) | p21 ↑; p53 ↑; CDK2 ↓; Cyclin E ↓; PCNA ↓ |
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