Efficacy of Acupuncture for Treating Opioid Use Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 4

Summary of findings: acupuncture versus sham acupuncture.

Outcomes	Number of RCTs	Number of Participants	Relative effect (95 CI)	Quality of the evidence (GRADE)
Number of positive urine samples for opioids	1	13	RR 2.22 (0.37 to 13.38)	⊕⊕⊕⊝; moderate
Craving for opioid	4	401	SMD -0.66 (-1.97 to 0.64)	⊕⊝⊝⊝; very low
Pain	2	229	SMD -0.89 (-2.54 to 0.76)	⊕⊝⊝⊝; very low
Sleep quality	1	48	MD -1.14 (-3.58 to 1.30)	⊕⊕⊕⊝; moderate
Sleeping time	1	181	MD 2.31 (1.97 to 2.65)	⊕⊕⊕⊝; moderate
Anxiety	3	361	SMD -0.56 (-1.37 to 0.25)	⊕⊝⊝⊝; very low
Depression	2	180	SMD -1.07 (-1.88 to -0.25)	⊕⊝⊝⊝; very low
Retention of treatment	3	235	RR 1.03 (0.97 to 1.08)	⊕⊕⊝⊝; low

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence.
High quality: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: we are very uncertain about the estimate.